The Self-Made Man, The Epitome Of The “American Dream”

The self-made man, the epitome of the â€Å"American Dream† is a paragon of virtue, independence, and success. The American dream can be defined as a ‘rags-to-riches’ story. In his novel The Great Gatsby, F. Scott Fitzgerald challenges the reality of the American dream through Nick Carraway, a fairly well-off young man with no tangible life goals. Since Nick does not have a real dream, he compares the many dreamers in his life to the ideal self-made man. Fitzgerald conveys that upward class mobility is achieved only with help and fraud. First, Tom and Daisy Buchanan were born into massive amounts of wealth and fill the ‘riches’ qualification of the American dream but not the self-made element. Next, gas station owner Mr. Wilson and photographer†¦show more content†¦They are wealthy but not independently successful nor virtuous, and therefore do not exemplify the American dream. Conversely, working men, such as Mr. Wilson and Mr. McKee, have no real chance at realizing their dreams. For example, Wilson dreams of buying ‘the car’ that Tom has promised him. He is waiting for Tom to sell him the car and believes that this singular trade will boost his career. Wilson is at Tom’s mercy and his financial reliance contradicts the idea of independence as a part being self-made. Fitzgerald mentions Wilson, he mentions ‘the car,’ and describes him as having a â€Å"damp gleam of hope† (28). The word â€Å"damp† makes Fitzgerald’s language particularly depressing, because it paints an image of Wilson dejectedly holding on to his disintegrating dream. Moreover, Tom never sells Wilson the car, further highlighting the dream’s unattainability. Similarly, by campaigning for Tom’s invitation to photograph wealthy elites, Mr. McKee also contradicts the American dream’s linchpin: independence. Mr. McKe e needs Tom to open a door of opportunity, so he implores, â€Å"I’d like to do more work on Long Island if I could get the entry. All I ask is that they should give me a start† (36). Fitzgerald’s choice of the word â€Å"they† is telling as it speaks to the contrary notion that the permission of an entire class is needed for Wilson to be able to move up the ladder. Tom mocks McKee’s request by suggesting he take photos of Mr.Show MoreRelatedEssay Jay Gatsby: The Tragic Hero in The Great Gatsby1332 Words   |  6 Pagesa life lesson. In The Great Gatsby, by F. Scott Fitzgerald, Jay Gatsby is the tragic hero who portrays the corruption of the American dream through his tragic flaw. His devastating death at the end of the novel portrays the dangers of centering one’s life on money and other materialistic things and warns the reader not to follow his foolish steps. Jay Gatsby is the epitome of a tragic hero; his greatest attribute of enterpris e and ambition contributes to his ultimate demise but his tragic story inspiresRead MoreThe American Dream is a recurrent theme in American literature, dating back to some of the earliest600 Words   |  3 PagesThe American Dream is a recurrent theme in American literature, dating back to some of the earliest colonial writings. Benjamin Franklin, who is considered to be the epitome of the self-made man once said, â€Å"The Constitution only guarantees the American people the right to pursue happiness. You have to catch it yourself† (Franklin). Furthermore it is the belief that every man, whatever his origins, may pursue and attain his chosen goals; whether they be political, financial or social. However, theRead MoreThe Great Gatsby By F. Fitzgerald Essay1548 Words   |  7 Pagesremained in the lowest social division—struggling to survive, let alone thrive. This ever-growing wealth gap was the basis for which the American Dream was created. The American Dream ideal ized the notions of potential and possibility, thusly giving the lower class hope of social mobility and economic success. Two tales written during this era epitomize the American Dream through lower class protagonists who find financial fortune. The first is The Great Gatsby, written by Scott F. Fitzgerald in the midstRead MoreSocial Anxiety : America s National Identity991 Words   |  4 PagesTranscendental thought is responsible for generating an American ideology of individualism, civil disobedience, and an emphasis on Man s individual affiliation with God. Within a generation of the revolution, American authors were initiating an exploration of an emergent American sensibility with a neoteric literary conviction. This new authorship of philosophical thought is characterized as â€Å"literary nationalism† and is furthermore expressed as an American Renaissance, yielding intellectually influentialRead MoreThe Great Gatsby and the American Dream1442 Words   |  6 Pagesfounding fathers Â…held certain truths to be self-evident, that all Men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are life, Liberty and the Pursuit of Happiness. This sentiment can be considered the foundation of the American Dream, the dream that everyone has the ability to become what he or she desires to be. While many people work to attain their American dream, others believe that the dream is seemingly impossible to reach, like FRead MoreBenjamin Franklin And Frederick Douglass1133 Words    |  5 Pagesdescribed as inspirations and epitomes of the true American Dream. These men represent self-reliance, independence, and share a desire for liberty. Though there work ethics and values may be viewed as similar, they both came from very different backgrounds. Franklin grew up in a big middle-class family. His parents were loving, however he was the fifteenth child out of seventeen children. Because of this Franklin had to rely heavily on himself while growing up, which made for tough times, yet he hadRead MoreThe Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald653 Words   |  3 Pagesthe American life style in 1922. Jay Gatsby, an American wealthy social identity, appears to have it all. But wealth, stature and an extravagant lifestyle seems not to be enough for Gatsby; he still yearns for his old idealistic love Daisy. In an ideal world this has the making of a great love story with a happy ending, but Fitzgerald chose to carry the story as a reflection of the American era the book is set in. An era consumed by appearances and excess and overall pursuit of the American dreamRead MoreThe American Dream By Ralph Ellison1465 Words   |  6 PagesThe American Dream exists in the hearts of all Americans and is a concept that drives many people from all over the world to want to come to America. It holds the promise of infinite possibilities and allows them to escape a society of poverty and racism. This Dream also exists in the hearts of many Americans already living in America. However, this dream primarily exists in the minds of minority populations, such as African Americans, whose past is full of discrimination based on their race. TheRead MoreThe American Dream : The Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald856 Words   |  4 PagesThe Tainted American Dream America is known as the land of the free; where opportunity and prosperity are around every corner. Merriam-Webster’s definition of American Dream is â€Å"a happy way of living that is thought of by many Americans as something that can be achieved by anyone in the U.S. especially by working hard and becoming successful.† Anyone, regardless of circumstance or socioeconomic status, with enough hard work and determination can achieve the American Dream. The Great Gatsby canRead MoreThe Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald1101 Words   |  5 PagesAllison Petronzio Smith English 1302 Paper #7 The Great Gatsby 7 May 2015 American Dream Realities In the novel â€Å"The Great Gatsby† by F. Scott Fitzgerald, the story of a man named Jay Gatsby is told through the perspective of Nick Carraway. Gatsby had a special plan for what he thought his life should consist of, and stopped at nothing to make sure that he rose above his poor roots into a wealthy, socially admirable status. With hopes of winning over the heart of his former lover, Daisy Buchanan

Identifying Three Sources of Professional Values Free Essays

Identifying three sources of professional values and ethics â€Å"Gold existed before barter, money, and systems of economics were invented to use gold. Animals existed before Zoology was invented to study animals. Ethics and morals existed before religions and philosophies were invented to use to study ethics and morals. We will write a custom essay sample on Identifying Three Sources of Professional Values or any similar topic only for you Order Now No religion nor philosophy invented ethics, nor can any religion or philosophy lay claim of being the source or measure of ethics. † (Gowdy, 2008). The sources of professional values and ethics when researched are open to many interpretations. Early philosophers debated whether values and ethics were internal or were they an individual will; or could it be social to justify a moral norm? (Chambliss, 1996). One source of professional values and ethics is the self, or individual. When an individual is born, they began to adopt ethics and values, whether they are good or bad. An article in the Business Ethics Quarterly by Bill Shaw sums up the individual as a source of ethics by stating, â€Å"The acquisition of an ethic is not an optional thing. It is, instead, a way of life. One cannot not have an ethic any more than one cannot not have a personality. An ethic simply â€Å"comes with the territory,† and as one matures that ethic is capable of undergoing change, perhaps even radical change. † (Shaw, 1997) The organization is a source of the professional values and ethics; it is where individuals within a business environment focus on group conduct. The organization has the code of ethics; these codes are a set of rules that guide individuals in decision-making and behavior. (U. S. Legal Forms Inc, 2010). There are normally three types of codes; an aspirational code is a statement of ideals to which professionals should strive. The educational code seeks to buttress understanding of its provisions with extensive commentary and interpretation. The regulatory code includes a set of detailed rules to govern professional conduct and to serve as a basis for adjudicating grievances. (Frankel, 1989) Our societies are the source that examines the pattern of cultural, political, and economic forces that drive individuals and firms. This particular source has many levels, there is not one particular right, or wrong there are many shades of gray here. That is why we have courts with juries who listen to each individual story and makes the best decision based on the evidence provided. (Becker, 2001). References Becker, L. C. (2001). In Encyclopedia of Ethics. Retrieved October 22, 2010, from Business Ethics: http://www. credoreference. com/entry/routethics/business_ethics Chambliss, J. (1996). In Philosophy of Education: An Encyclopedia. Retrieved October 18, 2010, from Ethics and Morality: http://www. redoreference. com/entry/routpe/ethics_and_morality Frankel, M. S. (1989). Professional Codes: Why, How, and with What Impact? Journal of Business Ethics , 110-111. Gowdy, L. N. (2008). Defination of Ethics, Morals, Virtue and Quality. Retrieved October 22, 2010, from Angelfire. com: www. angelfire. com/home/sesquiq/2007sesethics. html Shaw, B. (1997). Sources of Virtue: The Market and the Community. Business Ethics Quarterly, 6. U. S. Legal Forms Inc. (2010). USLegal. Retrieved October 24, 2010, from USLegal. com: http://definitions. uslegal. com/c/code-of-ethics/ How to cite Identifying Three Sources of Professional Values, Papers

The Prologue And The Tale Essay Research free essay sample

The Prologue And The Tale Essay, Research Paper The relationship of the Prologue to the Narrative: Truth and fiction Within the imagined ( by Chaucer ) universe of the Canterbury pilgrims, we meet assorted characters who present their # 8220 ; ain # 8221 ; fictions. In each instance, the narrative is in some manner a contemplation of the Teller, and frailty versa. While Chaucer portrays the pilgrims ab initio in set pieces in the General Prologue, we learn more approximately them as they tell their narratives, express sentiments and trade abuses, as characters speak of themselves. The Wife # 8217 ; s prologue is by far the longest in the whole work ( two other pilgrims merely # 8211 ; the Pardoner and the Canon # 8217 ; s Yeoman # 8211 ; are given reasonably drawn-out prologues ) . She reveals herself, in the volume of what she says, more to the full than any other pilgrim, but its baffled nature and deficiency of coherency do her self-portrait less distinct than, state, the Pardoner # 8217 ; s. Furthermore, her history reveals a disagreement between what we suspect to be the instance, and what she wants her listeners to believe of her. Her desire to exert sovereignty leads her to claim she has gained it more to the full than warranted by the grounds she lets faux pas. Where Chaucer allows most characters a individual gap ( in their narratives ) to show a position, the Wife has two: foremost, her statement from existent, lived experience, so in the theoretical account instance in her narrative. One presents obliging grounds, the other a clear narrative presentation autobiography and fiction together allow the Wife to province her instance more forcefully than either alone could make. The statement of the Prologue The Wife # 8217 ; s stated intent is to talk by and large of discord in matrimony. Her existent preoccupation is with # 8220 ; maistrie # 8221 ; . The battle for this has been the cause of her suffering, particularly in her 4th and 5th matrimonies. She depicts all five in footings of combat. The effort to derive command may win or neglect, but division of sovereignty is non countenanced. The first three matrimonies are uneven lucifers: aged, affluent but lame work forces ( idea of jointly as # 8220 ; he # 8221 ; ) are worn out by the sharp-tongued, lubricious and vibrant adult female whose luck is non so much her face as her energy and sexual art. Her 4th hubby is a more even fit for the now not-so-young Wife: her hubby is about her age, has a kept woman and seems non to endure from the Wife # 8217 ; s flirtings. The ( unexplained ) decease of the 4th hubby leads to a lucifer that reverses the earlier form, as the Wife, now good heeled, secures a adult male half her age to portion the matrimonial bed. Jankin wields arms of cubic decimeter gaining in his woman hater effusions. The Wife wins sovereignty here, it seems, because she has more staying powers: Jankin, professing # 8220 ; maistrie # 8221 ; recognises her illimitable declaration and shows a hitherto concealed desire for a quiet life. The Wife claims that Jankin # 8217 ; s giving led her to handle him good ; holding # 8220 ; bought # 8221 ; a immature hubby, her amour propre requires that he cognize his topographic point, and her spoilage of him is a presentation of her superior position. But she did non, in the earlier matrimonies, extend the same kindness to the hubbies who had # 8220 ; bought # 8221 ; her. The statement of the Tale The Prologue relies on grounds from experience # 8211 ; but this is peculiar, non cosmopolitan. Puting the Tale in the fabulous aureate age of King Arthur, the Wife gives it a more cosmopolitan application. The heathen puting expresses truths non taught by faith, but revealed in the workings of human nature. The Arthurian universe is non what is but what was or ought to be # 8211 ; a better universe than the mundane one. That adult females might regenerate young person in old age seems impossible, but giving adult females sovereignty obviously can be achieved # 8211 ; the ideal can in portion be realised. If this does non go on, hubbies who are # 8220 ; angry nigardes of dispence # 8221 ; are to fault. The properness or rightness of the Tale ( Scholars have suggested that Chaucer originally intended what is now the Shipman # 8217 ; s Tale to hold been spoken by the Wife. ) The narrative of the knight and the disgusting lady is appropriate on several evidences, less so on others. It suits the Wife because it makes the instance for adult females # 8217 ; s sovereignty. It is besides suited to her in its relation: while some inside informations ( such as the characters and puting ) are really unelaborated, other inside informations recall the Prologue, but are out of topographic point in a romantic phantasy: these include the narrative of Midas # 8217 ; s ears ( here the Wife mixes mythologies ) and the aside on # 8220 ; gentillesse # 8221 ; in which the Wife quotes Dante ( non born in the supposed clip of King Arthur ; the Wife of Bath herself might be expected to quotation mark this authorization, but non the Fairy Wife of her Tale ) . Furthermore, the argument about # 8220 ; gentillesse # 8221 ; is a distraction from the cardinal treatment of # 8220 ; maistrie # 8221 ; . Chaucer doubtless sees that these failings are those of the Wife, as storyteller: before this the Pilgrims have had many first-class illustrations of differing sorts, and many more will follow. Part of the accomplishment and temper of the whole work lies in the exclusions that prove the regulation # 8211 ; one of the two narratives offered by Chaucer ( the pilgrim, purportedly describing the others # 8217 ; narratives ) is so boring he is obliged to give up and seek another.

Unit Typography free essay sample

Assignment Instructions Unit: 9 Instructions: This weeks assignment consists of watching a scenario about Sandwich Blitz, Inc. and answering questions regarding the use of new technology as a means of improving communication between employees and customers. Sandwich Blitz, Inc. has a great problem an increase in the number of customers! Employees have been consistently reporting that they are overwhelmed by the volume of customers and management has noticed that the number of reported errors in customer orders has increased. Dalman and Lei have decided to adopt an e-customer order system that will allow customers to input their own orders. This would address the issue of employees being overwhelmed by the increased pace of the workplace. Dalman and Lei will first communicate their decision to the managers who report to them in an e-mail communication. They are aware of how important it is to exhibit professionalism and business etiquette in constructing an e-mail message to the managers. We will write a custom essay sample on Unit Typography or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page It is important for Dalman and Lei to gain the support of the managers since they will have key roles in leading this change at the store level. Referring to Kotter’s Eight Steps to Leading Change from the text, describe what management must do to lead this change in technology to automated customer service by creating an e-mail message (type it in a Word document) from Dalman and Lei to Sandwich Blitz’s middle management, addressing how they intend to implement each of the steps in the change process. Be sure to construct your message in a clear and professional manner. The goal of this communication is to inform the managers of what is required to lead this change and to gain their support in its implementation at the store level. Student Checklist: 1. Clearly identify the problem that Dalman and Lei are faced with 2. In a Word document, compose an e-mail message from Dalman and Lei to Sandwich Blitz’s middle management, explaining the steps necessary to manage this new technology change. Copyright Kaplan University Assignment Instructions Unit: 9 Submit Assignment to the Dropbox Draft your Assignment paper at least one full double-spaced page in length, using size 12 Times New Roman type font in MS Word format. Be sure your paper is well written in paragraph form, with correct spelling, grammar, and punctuation. Be sure to name your file according to the Kaplan filenaming convention. For additional help submitting to the Dropbox, please see the Dropbox Guide under Academic Tools. Grading Rubric Unit 9 Grading Rubric 50% Possible Points 22. 5 Analysis and Critical Thinking: Responses demonstrated critical thinking and analysis and exhibited application of information. 30% 13. 5 Spelling, Grammar, Format: Clear business writing. Spelling and grammar are acceptable. Formatting follows instructions. Total 20% 9 100% 45 Content, Focus, Use of Text and Research: ? Clearly identified the problem that Dalman and Lei are faced with in the scenario ? Percentage Specifically identified and addressed each of the 8 steps necessary to manage this change. Copyright Kaplan University

Global warming and climate change Essay Example

Global warming and climate change Essay Example Global warming and climate change Essay Global warming and climate change Essay States have depended on coal for centuries to bring forth a bulk of their electricity, but now with planetary heating and clime alteration many states are looking for green options. On August 6, 1945, the universe was introduced to the astonishing energy behind atomic energy with the bead of the first atomic bomb. Grolier Online found that in 1939 two German scientists, Otto Hahn and Fritz Strassman, had reported an experiment involving neutron irradiation of uranium ; intending exposed the U to radiation or watercourses of atoms and produced energy ( 2 ) . Although some energy options create small or no waste and appear safer than atomic energy, atomic energy is more efficient, produces more power than any other energy beginning known, and the energy beginning is in great copiousness and should go the U.S. s figure one beginning of energy, replacing our demand for dirty, C breathing coal. Three Mile Island atomic power works near Middletown, Pennsylvania, March 28, 1979, a H2O pump stops working and that s merely the beginning ( U.S. N.R.C. ) . There was a release of radiation into the ambiance, but as Opponent Point of views: Energy Options described that there is more radiation standing a few proceedingss in the thick of the granite of Grand Central Station than released from Three Mile Island on this twenty-four hours ( 80 ) . No lives were lost and because of the regulations and ordinances put on United States industries, particularly atomic workss, there were no major effects to the reactor meltdown. However, a serious job did non go on at Three Mile Island, but was a wholly different narrative at Chernobyl, in the Ukraine. At the clip, Chernobyl was portion of the huge Soviet Union ; it grew in power and needed more energy. The Soviets went atomic. Chernobyl was a monolithic atomic composite with hapless building and even poorer ordinances by the Soviets. On Apr il 26, 1986, during a everyday closure, the automatic safety was taken off and everything began to travel incorrect. Coolant was non acquiring to the right topographic points, but power was being increased which led to an unbelievable detonation. The detonation released 30 to 40 times every bit much radioactive waste as the bombs dropped on Japan. Many were killed and many are still enduring the effects for the haughtiness of the Soviet era atomic workss, Opposing Point of views: Energy Alternatives points out ( 80 ) . It is traveling to be millions of dollars to clean up around Chernobyl and to cover the reactor that released and is still let go ofing dozenss of radiation every twelvemonth. Where as the lone cost to Three Mile Island was the closure of the works. : Even though these two state of affairss, that should be forgotten, are utmost and have created an inauspicious repute for atomic energy, atomic energy is safe if the correct regulations, ordinance, and actions are taken when things go south. Chernobyl was stingily built, ill regulated, and engineering at the works was comparable to, at most, a World War 2 combatant jet. In an interview with the CEO of the Wabash REMC, the county electric company, the executive portrayed the Soviet epoch atomic workss as pole barns at best ( Rob Pearson ) . American reinforced atomic workss are built of concrete a few pess thick to forestall any radiation leak. These workss have the most advanced engineering in the universe to day of the month with suites the size of hoops tribunals merely for the control panels. The United States has placed limitations on edifice codifications and care every bit good as the Nuclear Regulatory Commission ( NRC ) doing unscheduled and regular check-ups to American atom ic workss. CQ Researcher, Nuclear Energy provinces significant events, ’ such as reactor closures and jobs with of import safety equipment, fell from 0.9 [ incidents ] per twelvemonth per works in 1989 to 0.02 [ incidents ] in 2003. . . ( 221 ) demoing the increasing safety as the old ages go on. Old workss have been and are being updated to current safety and engineering criterions to forestall any major incident and keep the universe s safest atomic plan in the United States. As in any industry, there will ever be jobs and something will travel incorrect, but the U.S. is making its best to forestall these jobs from set uping civilians. Many are disquieted about radioactive atomic waste, the dearly-won and highly unsafe hurt of atomic power workss. Nuclear energy is produced from uranium-235, which is of course radioactive, but the merchandises, strontium-96 and xenon-138, go extremely radioactive after the atomic fission procedure. So what can we make with all this stuff af ter the fission procedure? There are many options: enrich, storage in versants, burial under the sea, atomic transubstantiation, hiting it into infinite or at the Sun, and many more. Enrichment is a procedure of taking the waste and concentrating it to about five per centum of its existent size, Rob Person explained to me, so there is less waste, seting all other storage procedures on a smaller graduated table. Entombment under the sea, Critical Perspectives on Energy and Power, Disposing of Nuclear Waste, gives item that the waste is put into a pointed tubing so dropped into the deepest parts of the sea, specifically the Pacific trenches, where it is so sucked into the mantle and dissolves in the utmost heat of the nucleus of the Earth. Nuclear transubstantiation is a procedure of pelting the waste with neutrons to bring forth less radioactive stuffs that would be radioactive for merely 100s or even 10s of old ages, where every bit presently the waste could be radioactive for 10 t housand old ages ( 77 ) . Much research is being put into better procedures of disposal of the waste. Presently the waste is in big storage containers at the atomic works chilling and drying or sitting in 55-gallon barrels in the side of a mountain. The end product of atomic energy, in contrast, is 25 1000000s times the end product of coal, Grolier Online, Nuclear Energy found. One lb of coal green goodss eight negatron Vs ( electron volt ) with a burn-off of C dioxide, this addition being a chief cause of planetary heating and clime alteration. However, with atomic fission, the current procedure for atomic energy, one lb of uranium-235 green goodss 200 million electron volt with perfectly no C dioxide emanations. There is new engineering traveling into the procedure of atomic merger, a procedure where H is used to bring forth 18 million electron volt and the lone byproduct is helium and energy ( 1 ) . This procedure has no radioactive waste, but produces five times the heat as the Sun doing it really hard to incorporate all that energy, but doing it possible to pull out more H from H2O. Making this energy beginning wholly independent from any outside beginnings. Rob Pearson clarified that there are many other energy options tha t are bring forthing energy, but the efficiency of these options is about one tierce of their possible. Wind power is undependable, running merely when the air current is strong plenty to turn the turbines, and acquiring the power from the turbine to places is a undertaking in itself. Solar panels use merely 10 per centum of the light spectrum and have to be the size of a football field to bring forth adequate energy for a little town of a few thousand people. Current options merely produce a little per centum of our energy needed because their efficiency is so hapless. The United States has had one of the best programs for building more atomic workss, but their ability to set the program into action is missing. The United States depends on 104 atomic workss with a sum of 441 water-cooled reactors, the current procedure of atomic fission. These workss produce 20 to 22 per centum of the states electricity bring forthing close to 788.6 terawatt hours of electricity in 2004 giving the U.S. the universe s most atomic workss with the best and largest atomic plan. In CQ Researcher, Nuclear Energy the U.S. Energy Information Administration ( EIA ) predicts that by 2030 the U.S. will be bring forthing merely 871 terawatt hours of electricity if and merely if six new atomic workss are built and bing workss are updated to bring forth more power. Since the last major fiasco of Three Mile Island in 1979, which spread so much fright, more than 29 old ages have passed with no new atomic workss holding begun building. Last twelvemonth America was to get down buil ding on 25 new workss, jurisprudence shapers shot the measure down when it was clip to move. In better hopes though, Secretary of the United States Department of Energy announced in 2002 it Nuclear Power 2010 plan that would make a joint government/industry cost portion to bring forth more atomic workss and give inducement to power companies to get down edifice ( 1 ) . Now with planetary heating and clime alteration and demand for more electricity, proven by the blackouts in major metropoliss in the past few old ages, there is merely one thing that can suit the demand to diminish all of these-nuclear energy. Nuclear energy has been pigeonholed by two unfortunate events go forthing most afraid of it, but with the current crises on the universe s manus, the demand for more power and less dependance on hydrogen-carbonates, C dioxide breathing fuels such as coal and oil, the universe must get down building and researching more in atomic energy. Governments are taking every safeguard, puting regulations, ordinances, and regular and random check-ups, to do atomic energy merely every bit safe as any other major beginning of electricity. Nuclear waste has been in research for many old ages now and should be making a safe and effectual agencies of disposal. The U.S. must get down swearing atomic energy and get down trusting on it as the figure one beginning of energy replacing C breathing coal workss and inefficient energy options. Work Cited Colin, Thomas J. , Ed. Nuclear Energy. CQ Researcher 16.10 ( 2006 ) : 217-40. Cothran, Helen, Ed. Opposing Viewpoints Energy Alternatives. California: Greenhaven Press, 2002. Hall, Linley Erin, Ed. Critical Perspectives on Energy and Power. New York: The Rosen Publishing Group, Inc. , 2007. pHansen, Kent F. Nuclear Energy. Grolier Multimedia Encyclopedia. 2008: ( 1-5 ) Grolier Online. 30 Oct. 2008 article? assetid=0210870-0 gt ; . pHansen, Kent F. Nuclear Energy. Grolier Multimedia Encyclopedia. 2008: ( 1-5 ) Grolier Online. 30 Oct. 2008 article? assetid=0210870-0 gt ; . Pearson, Rob. Personal Interview. 16 Oct. 2008. United States. Dept. of Energy. Nuclear Energy 2010. 12 Oct. 2008. United States. Nuclear Regulatory Commission. Fact Sheet on the Three Mile Island Incident. 17 Oct. 2008 lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //www.nrc.gov/reading-rm/doc-collections/fact-sheets/3mile-isle.html. gt ; /p gt ;

Chaucers Canterbury Tales - Idealism in the Knights Tale

Idealism in the story of Cavalier The life of the chivalry of the gentleman is celebrated, but the story of Cavalier has proved to be more than a tragic romantic story with a happy ending. With such a dress, you can explore the trivial world of aristocracy at the time. Here, the substance is replaced by the appearance, reality replaces the classic of disillusionment, and emotions are sacrificed as honor. The innocent idealism became the main feature of seemingly perfect knights, and as a reader we were asked to identify the influence of this unique quality on the entire story. The story of Cavaliers in the Canterbury story of Geoffrey Chaucer is one of the 22 Canterbury collections by the famous British writer Geoffrey Chaucer (1343-1400). To summarize the story, Joe began writing in 1386 and plans to complete it in his life Each story has various roles in medieval plots as well as interesting dramatic interactions hold. Completed by 1400. Canterbury story: In the first part, Geoffre y Chaucer will introduce all the characters involved in this fictional journey. One of the more interesting characters included in this introduction is the Cavaliers. Joe was originally called Cavalier the best man, in fact, his knight's sketch is very complementary. In this article we compare Joe's ideal knight with his contemporary equivalent knight. Joe, Joe said that there are excellent horses in the Cavaliers, But he is not wearing gorgeous clothes. Knights of the Canterbury story of Geoffrey Chaucer, Nostalgia, Priorres, monks, monks are defined by the setting of the Canterbury story in Geoffrey Chaucer's Prologue. 1. Portoy is a commentary by Jojo and states as follows. The general prologue is like a mirror, reflecting that person's appearance and defining the character of that person. (281) Scanno supported Potnoy in his speculative article The explanation of that character inevitably appears in the original intention of Joe's text or reflects its persistent value (128) 3.

Police Brutality of the Mentally Ill Suspects Assignment

Police Brutality of the Mentally Ill Suspects - Assignment Example The policemen responsible for handling such cases will be observed discreetly as they work so that they may not change their treatment towards the mentally ill suspects. However, this kind of method raises some ethical concerns. Second, the research study could generate distrust to the participants such that future research on the subject would be difficult to obtain information or cooperation of the participants. Finally, the police did not agree to be studied at their workstations. Therefore, no consent was obtained for this exercise (Kothari, 2005). The hypothesis for the observation method would be: mentally ill suspects maltreatment by police decreases the quality of services. The independent and dependent variables respectively would be the police treatment and quality of services. Â  The sampling procedure that will be used is the convenience sampling. This is because not all the police within the station deal with the mentally ill suspects and, therefore, those who deal directly with the suspects are better placed to guide the research team into collecting adequate information. Another purpose for this is that the matter requires prompt action and, therefore, the sampling is fast and reliable for such a case. Limitations regarding validity and reliability of the study will include determining if the instrument used in the research will be accepted by the panelists who are going to fund the training. Second, would be determining if the results are valid such that the research can be replicated by other researchers and give the same results. Third, the research team is to determine the conclusions obtained after the study will match the reality on the ground ((Kothari, 2005). Â  

Climate Change Beliefs, Scientific Literacy, and Cultural Values Essay

Climate Change Beliefs, Scientific Literacy, and Cultural Values - Essay Example Apart from these different perceptions held by various groups of people towards the notion of climate change beliefs, scientific literacy, political orientation, party identification, and cultural values, it can be noted that Kahan et al.’s hypotheses are replicated in the experiment given. A critical analysis of the data presented in the survey shows that there is overwhelming evidence that people from different cultural divide have knowledge about the existence of cultural change within their respective areas. On the aspect of whether climate change is happening or not, the results show overwhelming evidence that people from different cultural backgrounds and political divide believe that climate change is real and it is happening. From the results presented from the survey about climate change, it can be observed that more than 90 % of the participants are aware that climate change is real and it is happening. More interestingly, more than 90 % of the participants also beli eve that human beings contribute towards climate change and something can be done to minimise the impact of the problem. Many people from different places believe that the catastrophe of climate change poses a threat to their lives in the long run should the problem be left unabated. From the survey, it seems that people are fully aware of the existence of the problem of global warming. However, there are differing perceptions as to what causes it since some people believe that it is a natural phenomenon. However, from the evidence presented in the results, the majority of people represented in the survey are of the view that some form of action should be taken in order to address the growing problem rather that adopting a wait and see attitude. A closer analysis of the results shows that more than 80 % again of the participants believe that it is not a good idea to adopt a wait and see attitude since it is never

Concept of freedom Essay Example for Free

Concept of freedom Essay 1. Is it possible to measure if anyone is free to any degree? Can freedom be proven? Freedom can hardly be measure as freedom is a controversial abstract concept which people have different interpretations over it. We do not have an absolute definition over the term freedom and thereby there is no absolute operationalization used to measure freedom up to these days. Still, it is commonly agreed by the sociologists that freedom is bounded by many social forces including culture, social institutions, social positions and the like; and under all these social forces, the control over choices and directions that one can enjoy is freedom. By this commonly agreed definition, it is obviously that there is no absolute freedom because of the social constraints; whats more, the definition of freedom is always changing according to the unceasing change of social forces. Therefore, we can never measure the extremity of freedom. Be that as it may, freedom can still be proved and measured in relative terms by comparing the indicators of political rights, economic rights, and civil liberties of different societies as they shows the controls over choices and directions that one can have under social constraints. The more control one has, the more freedom one gets in general. Lets take China and Hong Kong as example. China has a relatively stricter norm in terms of freedom of speech when comparing to Hong Kong, hence we can say that people in China have less freedom of expression compared to those in Hong Kong. By comparison using different indicators, we may measure the relative freedom of different societies. 2. Do you agree that free thought is necessary for free action? I absolutely agree with such saying. Our actions are bounded by social positions and social institutions that have long been constructed no matter whether such practices are genuine or not. These social forces have been parts of the social construction of reality which shape our thinking from the day we are born and control the way we act and live. However, such socially constructed reality is not always legitimate as it seems and in occasions it limits the actions that we may enjoy. Free thoughts in such sense allow critical evaluation over the existing socially constructed reality and may bring changes to the social institutions, structures or positions to allow freer action that people previously cannot enjoy. However, we should also noted that sometimes though social forces have already been mended because of new ideas generated through free thoughts of some people, actions are still being limited because of the deeply rooted old belief in society as a whole and it is always hard for people to have free thoughts. For instance, though the caste system has been legally abolished since 1950, the lower class especially the Dalit people are still seriously discriminated against by the other classes of the society and their actions, such as receiving education and having political rights, are greatly constrained because the thoughts of people in general are still controlled by old social position system that Dalit are outcasts and thus fail to think freely. 3. How would you define freedom? Is it different from this chapters definition? I totally agree with the definition of this chapter that freedom, which refers to the ability to control oneself, ones thinking and ones actions, are restrained by external factors mainly the society and different social forces. Rather than being imprisoned by the existing social constructed reality, free thoughts and free actions are what we should practice. Thinking out of the box and acting according to ones own thought is the only way to truly take control of our lives. 4. Based on the piece by Weber, come up and illustrate with your own examples instances of traditional, charismatic, and rational-legal authority that your are familiar with. Explain why you classify these instances the way you do. Traditional authority: In some indigenous communities which still have a extended family structure such as the communities in walled villages of Hong Kong, the first born male child enjoy the privilege of inheritance. He is also the authority figure of the community. It is legitimated by the sanctity of tradition handed down from the past and is through heredity under patriarchy system. Charismatic authority: Mother Teresa, a very well-respected Catholic religious figure who is regarded as one of the real servants of God because of her morality and contribution to charity in the third world countries. Her exemplary character, faith and spirit inspire Catholics around the world to live truly as a Catholic following Gods will. Her heroism of ministering the poor and needies of the third world countries impresses Catholics and greatly influence their attitudes. Rational-legal authority: Any bureaucratic officials or political leaders. Their authorities are empowered by legal rationality, legal legitimacy and bureaucracy. They implement policies without any interference of people but based on law with legitimacy to govern people.

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There is evidence that people from Asian were the first to cross over to North America via the land bridge.This hypothesis can be looked at in many different ways. Since the technology would have not been advanced, Asians would not have been able to easily navigate the vast ocean. This would force most of the population to travel by foot. These people would have left geological markers wherever they went. Pottery would be an important clue to what type of people discovered North America. Looking at how advanced the pottery is by looking at shape, texture, and durability would determine how advanced a civilization was. Comparing pottery from around the same time the land bridge occurred to pottery found in North America could determine if they had come from the same place. The technique and the style of the pottery would be a close resemblance of the pottery in Asia. Finding biological evidence would be more difficult since lineage cannot be traced that far back. Looking at similariti es in the Native American tribes and the people in ancient Asian might provide some, but not fully viable information on biological evidence. The first Americans possibly being big game hunters who migrated according to herds of animals could be answered with the concept of seasonal collapse. One would have to search for factors that affected those first Americans positively, and then examine the possibility of eliminating one of those factors, impairing these first Americans, causing them to pursue migrating herds in hope of finding another stable living environment. An additional interpretation regarding the migration of the first Americans was that they may have benefited in unexpected ways from this migration. The migration of animal herds took the... ... conclude that the shroud is not actually a biblical relic. Another way to verify the shroud would be to look at the culture of the people and their records. If the shroud has nothing to do with the burial ritual there is no way it could be connected to the crucifixion of Christ. Carbon dating would also be helpful in this situation. If the shroud dated back to biblical times, then there would be no way that it could be a fake. It would no doubt be a shroud that covered a crucified body; although it would be harder to conclude that the body was actually the one of Jesus’. Looking at records would be the next step. It would have to be concluded that the crucifixion of Jesus’ was the only Roman crucifixion that shoved a crown of thorns onto a man’s head. If this were true, the evidence would be abounding. There would be very little evidence to disclaim this as truth.

Logistic: Inventory and Total Logistics Cost

Supply chain is a network of logistic systems. Logistics concerns one company's system. Supply chain includes different companies. E. G. Dell computer – the logistics is Just their company but the supply chain includes all the part suppliers. Their logistics system is a part of dells supply chain. It includes also the retailers and supplier. Other company's logistics included in Dell's supply chain. Logistics is an early version of the supply chain. Logistics originated in the US military. Flow of cargo (people, weapon in war is logistics. ) Organizing a course/seminar – logistics needed for success.Today all the successful companies find their competitiveness from logistics, not from the product itself. E. G. Walter (retailer, wholesaler, supermarket chain) – their competitive edge comes from logistics. They are not selling anything different from others. They have a superior logistics system. Logistics make them succeed. Dell also, service is good, price attrac tive – success comes from logistics. Another definition people define logistics differently but they mean the same thing. Slide Logistics/Concept 4 Instead of saying process, they say optimization, etc. Process of location.Says movement and storage of resources instead of saying goods/services and information. They call logistic activities economic activities. Transport is one of then, port services, production, storage, distribution, etc. – take place bet. The point of origin and point of destination and consumption. Logistics is about the 5 RSI. What are the 5 RSI? Logistics is about getting right goods at right place at right time in right form at right price. Military is really about this. In commercial entities we emphasize on the price a lot. This is also the definition of logistics.Right goods, right in quality in correct quantity. Different level of logistics. In-bound, out-bound logistics. Logistics of production (table, book, car, etc. ), there are two levels of logistics. Logistics within the production process – in the factory. How do you optimize the production within the factory? We call this operational logistics or workers together. How do you put temporary storage along the assembly line? All this is logistics. E. G. WHIM library – lack of space. How to maximize space? Library space layout. It's about logistics. Different factories have different layouts – this is logistics.We are interested in logistics before the production starts. The cargo coming into the factory and when the production is finished, the cargo moving out to the next step – all towards the final consumption. This is what we call in-bound and out-bound logistics. This is what we are interested in. Maritime transport takes part in inbound and out-bound logistics than for production logistics. We are interested in how to move material to production and from production to consumers. When we try to understand logistics, we look at some lo gistics questions for example a typical question is about where to find the raw material needed.Raw material may be in different places. Some places might have different quality and prices. The difference between that place and the production might be different and therefore remonstration time and cost might be different. Where to find energy supply? Labor supply? Should you move your factory offshore to benefit cheap labor? If you do that be careful that higher prices might have to be paid on other services for example transportation. Where to set up production bases? In shipping, where should the port be located? Where to build warehouse and distribution centre. E. . Toyota car has their distribution centre for the Nordic countries at the port of Mammal. Before that they had centre in all the countries. So many distribution centre, different logistics cost than if there is a concentration of activities. Where to have branch organizations? The answers consider a lot of activities i ncluding transportation. We are in maritime transport so we are affected by the customers decision. Other types of logistics questions for ex. How to transport from A to B and choice of transport mode – air sea, road. Egg. Oslo to Mammal – road, sea. Air, rail.Different modes of transport have different logistics implications. Ex field trips – logistics question, how to transport students – sea (too long), air, road, rail. How to transport container? Hub and spoke – benefit from economies of scale. More cargo handling costs. The best solution must be a logistics solution. Best way to transport cargo from A to B. Flow and storage from point of origin to destination to comply with customers' requirement. Moving from A to B different options – different solution. When should transport start – how long should it take. Route? Storage? How, when needed?Mat of cargo to be transported at one time? Economies of scale? Packing needed? Logistics is everywhere. Farmer from southern Sweden – buy fertilizer in Sweden, buy from Germany (expensive land transport), buy from US where its much cheaper, but he has to pay more transportation cost. Where to find the material? Emphasis is on maritime transport – movement of goods. Shipping co. Transport goods – need info to do so. Port and shipping concerned with flow and storage of goods. October 28, 2008 Session 2 Slide Logistics/Concept 9 There always has to be a logistics concept. And a logistics concept is what?It's about total cost concept. This is the most important concept. It looks easy but total cost concept is not always observed, so people make mistakes as a result. It is a customer service requirement. Logistics concept is also about outsourcing, integration, global about concept, it is also about processes. The processes we call drivers. It drives the logistics process. It can't all be about concept. It has to be something tangible. Logistics is abou t processes. We are doing these everyday, ex. Manufacturing and transportation, distribution, inventory control, procurement.These are all activities, but the difference between these and logistics are that we are doing these in an integrated manner under the concept of logistics. So we have the concept and the drivers. The difference between these activities and logistics, we are doing them under the total cost and the customer service concept, so this is relatively new. Third is IT. We call IT enablers – that enables us to do the processes under the concept of logistics. Sometimes we can't do the processes (drivers) without IT. Ex. Dell computers. They obtained their competitive edge from logistics.Logistics means to get a computer from the production to the customers without any retailers. No middlemen. Order online, design own computer. The aim of logistics is to minimize the total cost. Can only do this with IT tools. So the three components have to come together using t he IT tools. We need to understand the role of IT in the whole process. Ex. Just in Time system. This is Inventory control under the concept of egoistic using information technology. The 3 components have to work together. How do we take all these functions (MFC, transportation, distribution, warehousing, etc. In an integrated manner under the concept of logistics using IT tools. Ex. Individual delivery. Concept is to minimize total cost. Total cost is manufacturing, transport, didst. , etc. How do we minimize that? Use IT. Dell used IT to find out that their total cost will be minimized if they cut out the middle man. IT enables the cutting out of the middle man. Good online service. Shipping line is not making anything – it is a part of transport. Shipping companies as a company have logistics problems also. Shipping has a double role to play.Shipping is a part of the logistics chain of a customer, but at the same time they have their own logistics problem. Shipping's logis tics problems include arranging bunkers, choosing port of call, types of service to provide, empty container management, repositioning of containers, terminal logistics, fleet logistics, agency logistics, but shipping as a service provider is part of the logistics of customers. Ex. KEA – furniture maker – shipping important. Shipping has a double role to play. Ex. Wimp's logistics service. Logistics in third world countries is not good enough. Read World Bank Report.The three components of logistics are important. Dell manages their total cost through logistics, so does Wall-Mart. All the processes have to be IT enabled. Control-implementation-control. HP has a fixed model on the shelf. Dell, make your own – different customer service. One is enabled by IT. Logistics has 3 components – concept, process, IT. Slide logistics/Concept 10 Supply chain – different sources to choose from. Take one then the next step and the next. This is the flow of cargo from origin to destination – the flow of information from user to origin. Information flow and cargo flow go in opposite directions.Ex. Dell – the information goes from the customer to Dell and the cargo from Dell to the customer. How will the producer know what kind of products the consumer will need? The consumer will have to tell. Opposite directions. Dell transport one computer to each customer so the customer pays more for transportation, but other costs like the shops and overhead related costs do not exist. If we compare this cost with the cost is very important. Total cost concept can be better understood by looking at slide Logistics/Concept 1 1 . This is a Total cost in Logistics and Supply Chain System.Marketing and logistics are closely related. This picture is very true. What is marketing? It is about the 4 As – product, price, promotion, place. So in this marketing there is one component about place which is about logistics. In the logistics about the place and the customer service (where the customer wants the cargo to be) and there are other cost elements. Ex. Related to place, transport cost has to be incurred – also warehousing cost, flow and storage. Other costs like inventory costs will be incurred. What is the difference between inventory cost and warehousing cost – inventory cost for keeping goods in stock).Inventory cost is the value of the goods. Books for new WHIM students – cost of book (inventory) plus storage (warehousing). Processing and information cost – each time we order, we have to follow procedure, fill in forms, etc. Processing cost can be high. Egg. When we are transporting our boxes home, have to have bill of lading. This has a cost (processing and information cost). Lot quantity cost – economies of scale. Purchasing/transporting/buying a big amount and will benefit from economies of scale, this is called lot quantities. Put all these 5 elements together and this is total cost.The objective of logistics is not to optimize a cost element, it's not to minimize a cost element, but rather to optimize the total cost and minimize the total cost. Minimize the total cost – this is what logistics is all about. This is easier said than done. KIT, the idea is to reduce the inventory cost to zero if possible. At the same time warehousing cost is being reduced – this is a good system. What other cost will be affected – transport cost. All these cost elements are interrelated and interdependent. So interaction and interdependence are also important.Change of inventory will affect transport cost, lot quantity cost, etc. KIT system for example – daily consumption of rice. Let's say we eat egg of rice each time. Based on KIT, each time we need rice, we should buy only egg. Do we do this? No, then against KIT principle. We buy 200 kilos – 2 cost occur – inventory cost and the money spent on the rice cannot be used (capit al tied up – cash flow problem). If this money was put in the bank it would generate some interest. Where is the rice put? The place occupied by the rice can't be used for something else.In production if you buy too much to get economies of scale from purchasing, we'll incur a high inventory cost. If we are not buying kilos, we buy a quantity in between – say 2 kilo. Optimal total cost. If we buy egg each time inventory cost is zero – have to buy each time we need to cost. That is time and transport cost. Lot quantity cost will change as there is no savings to be got through economies of scale. And each time we buy there are other costs like information and processing (maybe not in the case of rice, but generally). Put all these costs together, and find a good place in between. We do this by Cost Trade-off.Cost Trade Off Slide Ex. Manufacturing activity involves making projectors in Mammal, Sweden and need to supply them to the rest of Europe. No distribution ce ntre, or warehouses, or depots, o because we cover the entire Europe, each time we have an order from someplace in Europe, we pack the projector and send it off. What do we save – inventory, we do not keep inventory. What do we have to spend more – transportation cost will be very expensive. We therefore have to find out if we have a warehouse somewhere in them from Mammal to the customer; we send it from that storage which is closer so we save transportation cost.How many such warehouses we need to cover Europe? It depends on the elements: transport, inventory, lot quantity, warehouse costs. In optimizing all these costs together is a logistics decision. Ex. In the case of the depots, we might have 8, 10, 12 to cover the entire Europe. What cost elements we have in the case of the distribution of projectors in Europe. First the systems cost, the processing and information cost. When there is a centre there needs to be a computer system, a financial system, etc. If the re is no centre, the system cost is very low.The more centre, the higher the system cost and this is a storage cost. If there is only one storage at the headquarters in Mammal, the cost would be relatively low. As the numbers of depots are being increased the storage cost will be very high. Inventory cost – more depots, more stock – higher inventory cost. Trucking cost – tree has trunk and branches. Trunk means main transportation, branches mean local delivery. Transport cargo from production to main distribution centre = trunk transport and then from distribution centre to each individual apartments = local delivery.Trucking cost – the more centre, the more trucking cost. If there are no depots, each time to ship from mammal to each individual location will be very high. The more depots, the less the local delivery cost will be. The total distribution cost is the addition of all cost, this is what we call total logistics cost. When we have the total logi stics cost curve it corresponds to the number 8 meaning there should be eight distribution centre. So this is the solution – 8 centre. As costs change, oil, etc, the optimal numbers of centre will change. Its not static, its dynamic (the Total Didst. Curve).Logistics – one has to plan, implement, control. If the individual costs are changed then total cost will be different – high/low. E. G. If the interest becomes low – inventory cost will be affected as the capital will become cheap. If oil cost increase, interest rate decrease – could end up with more centre which means saving more rainspout cost, esp.. Local delivery cost. Transport cost in total will be less. Inventory cost is dependent on interest rates. May have 9/10 depots. # of depots depend on cost elements. Cost trade off is important. With depots total cost is lower, so this will save cost.Having depot is a cost but the cost is lower than not to have them. E. G. KEA used to rent warehou ses, now they build – benefit of depreciation. Next Slide Logistics cost in the USA Logistics cost include transportation cost, inventory, warehousing, distributing, etc. How much logistics cost people pay as a percentage of a country GAP – 10% in the US. Inventory cost increase faster than the transportation cost bet. 1980 and 2005- why? Better inventory control, interest rate lower so inventory cost lower. Interest was low in the rest of the world until about 2005. Deflation = lower inventory cost.In other countries this percentage is much higher. China – 18% of GAP spent on logistics (used to be 20%). China is more representative of developing countries. So in developing countries logistics systems are not as efficient as those in industrialized countries. 9. 5% is similar in Europe and Japan (COED countries). In developing countries it's much higher. Includes all logistics cost element – transport, inventory, etc. – big room for improvement. Ne xt slide Customer service is another concept. Customer service is the output of logistic based, performance-based, philosophy based.Activity based e. G. After sales service, marketing, public relations. Performance based – what is the standard? Ex. Dell computer is performance based, delivered in 48 hours – performance-based customer service. Can be measured. Ex. , ports – waiting time for ships – rush. Philosophy based on what customers require is the customer service – according to customers taste – before, during, and after transaction. What is transaction? Buy goods, pay. Customer service can take place before this, during, after. Changes in CSS level affect total logistics cost. Next slide CSS High, Low.Cost Low/High – the higher the customer service level, the higher the cost. No ship should wait in port for more than 3 hours. This will cost a lot of money – will have to build more berths. Define customer service level. T ry to minimize total cost based on this pre-condition. Why CSS level increase and inventory level affected. The higher the CSS, the higher the inventory level. Goal: increased SSL, so high inventory level. It's a decision the company makes – customer service level is very important. (Refers to graph on the right) Try to find a way to push the line by introducing a better way of production e. . Using IT, new production method. Reduce cost but still satisfy goal – IT, use better system. Next slide: industry norm, etc. Customer's response to stock out. Is a risk being run of losing the customer? All different ways to define the customer service level. KIT System Developed by Toyota. Called the Kanata system. When a container of parts is chosen to be used from inbound stockinet in-out in-out This is the production. Eng the assembly line how do you get different stages to work together in harmony. The system has two cards. KIT works with 2 cards – the move cards and the production cards. Hen you see the move card, time to move the container or the other card, time to produce. Work centre 1 the card moves along the production line from one work centre to the next. Toyota manage to have minimum inventory along the assembly line. They have one container of part. Cards are turning around and the parts are being moved from one centre to another. For logistics a better understanding of Just in time is very important. 9 Cot 2008 There are two circulations of cards. How do the 2 circulations make the KIT system work? Why does it work? Key elements: to reduce inventory therefore reduces the capital tied up in inventory.Planning, staff commitment including suppliers, suppliers' ability to meet the demand. Some inventory is kept because there is a container. One piece at a time is being used from the container so the rest must be inventory. What is the average inventory? What is the customer requirement? It's the size of the container. The container is fu ll – how big is the container. How is the size of the container defined? The size of the container is planned based on production. Supply 20 units at the beginning and then it's consumed and a new container comes. The container is consumed during a cycle. The cycle is the time needed.The average inventory is a half of the container what ever the amount it contains. Typical KIT, there should be no inventory so why is inventory kept? When we need egg rice why don't we get exactly that? Other costs would increase too much. KIT – to keep as little inventory as possible. The size of the container depends on what? Transportation two don't match then the size of the container needs to be changed. If the transport sakes more time then increase the size of the container and vice versa. Transport time important. Volvo had KIT between Gent and Mammal. How much inventory should be in the Volvo factory in inventory?A lot. Why? Engine parts are made in Sweden to be used in Belgium. This transport takes one week by ship. As it takes one week, there should at least be spare parts for one week. Toyota has KIT. In the city of Toyota in Japan within 30 kilometers of the factory all Toyota parts are made there. This is the perfect KIT system. KIT emphasizes the reliability of the transport system. The two containers must have the same matching size. If parts can't be produced in time, the cart must be moved earlier. At the moment one container is taken to the in stock point, another container load of part should be produced.Suppose the production takes more time than when one cart comes back? Egg. If production takes 20 hours, parts can be made in 10 hrs. The time information is sent – information flow is the key. Plan to know how long production will take. In Japan, transport is guaranteed (Toyota). What is supplier commitment? Shortcomings of the KIT system? Now we assume we only need 20 parts in 10 hours, how about if the demand change and we need 30 parts in 10 hours. If the speed of production is variable the whole system is challenged. If the demand is certain/flexed then it can be planned – production rate and transportation.But what if production rate changes? This is a challenge for some of the production down the line that may need more time and material which might have to come from far. Not easy to adjust production. Shortcomings: Does only one supplier have to be used with KIT? No, Honda uses more than one supplier. In KIT, anything that goes wrong will collapse the entire system. In KIT the entire chain has to be KIT, it can't be at only one stage of the production. If not it forces other suppliers downs the line to keep inventory. KIT of big companies push inventory down the line if the don't plan effectively.Because smaller suppliers want to satisfy big companies, they are forced to keep inventory. KIT has to be along the entire supply chain. KIT may be only at the very large suppliers who push the inventory down the line to smaller suppliers. Toyota case: 1/52 weeks car production stopped because of a fire at one supplier – ripple effect. The decision of Toyota to do nothing was based on the total minimum cost of they did various studies. CCITT Case: The reliability of transportation and the uncertainty factors make logistics system key. The importance of information. Logistics concept drivers enablers, under total cost and customer level.KIT will never work without IT. Everything works together with IT supporting the processes under total cost and customer level. The process, concept or IT cannot work separately. Information is critical for success as well as the reliability of demand. Forecast and planning important to know when demand change. Transportation is also important for this system. If the transport distance is long, the container has to be big. The size of the container is influenced by time (transport). Transport is via sea – only use air in case of emergency. If transport takes a long time or is unreliable then more inventory needs to be kept.Gent is the biggest Volvo manufacturer. Terrines transport the parts from Sweden to Belgium. The shorter the interval of the shipping service, the lower the level of inventory required. This can make the transport expensive. So it's the total cost that is important that will Supply chain 2 definitions (see slide): it's a network, not port to port. In logistics there is no procurement. The 2 key words in logistics are flow and storage. Supply chain includes manufacture. Transformation = manufacturing. 1st law of dynamics – don't create anything, only change the form. Supply chain includes much more than logistics.Logistics narrowly defined. Supply chain is broader. Procurement also concerned with about origin of the goods. Optimization Integration Collaboration Synchronization Optimization – optimize one stage, the entire thing is not optimized so integration has to take place then consol idation then synchronization (concerted manner, happening in the same time). Relationship along supply chain. Start from optimization to synchronization. The idea of supply chain is relatively recent compared to logistics. 1960/ass people start to talk about total cost. E. G. In stage one warehousing and transport are separate functions.Management focus was operations performance. No integration. Logistics integrated both to see how they can be optimized. This is called total cost management. So the focus changed to optimizing total cost and customer service. Customer service put together with cost. Organization design is a centralized function. 80,s integrated logistics function. This moved today to supply chain MGM. Put logistics together to get supply chain. Supply chain broader than logistics. Stage 1 -separately treated, not optimized. Optimization done within the company. Optimize internal functions – transportation and inventory.Intra company and intra functional. This function is a logistics function. The logistics function today is moving still in the company but inter functional. Everything in the company put together – integration. Toyota inter company – higher level of integration. Toyota owns the supplier – easier to do KIT. Companies are integrated supply chain – Inter company and inter functional. Dell and their suppliers are integrated. Also Wall-Mart. The producers don't take orders from Wall-Mart – the ‘cards' in KIT comes from individual supermarkets. Producers can check storage level of Wall-Mart outlets.Everything is totally integrated. No personal intervention to place order etc. The system is integrated – good supply chain – inter company. Next Slide From fragmented logistics to integrated supply chain. In the fist stage do one function at a time – inventory or warehouse or transport. In the later stage, intra functional – the whole function optimized. From fragm ented logistics to integrated SCM. Suppliers, manufacturer, distributor, retailer, customer are all integrated with he other functions in the company and go to the next stage you integrate between the functions in the companies and between the companies.This is interception and will become in the true sense a supply chain. Supply chain broader today than the logistics. SC have to work with other companies. To satisfy your customers require more than one company: need supplier, manufacturer, distributor, and retailer. E. G. Markers – their system integrated with some of their key customers – key client management. Copra's definition of supply chain. Within an organization there is a supply chain. Egg. WHOM, teaching, supply services, library, canteen, etc. Al depots. Work together to satisfy customer. SC decisions – have to have supply chain design and strategy.Strategic level, medium term, short term – operational, daily and based on the company's competi tive strategy. Michael porter: define competitive strategy in terms of product differentiation or cost cutting leadership. How to achieve strategy: SC strategy. Balance bet. Efficiency and responsiveness. How to respond to demand? Efficiency includes cost-effectiveness, I. E. Cheap. Fast response – this is provided at a cost. Efficiency might compromise cost. Decision making is from lower level to higher. Many competitive strategies come from SC strategy. Wall-Mart is from logistics.Dell is from Supply chain Beer game: Once demand is variable SC difficult to maintain. KIT difficult to maintain. Long time to reach an equilibrium. In the end have to keep large inventory. Once demand is unstable KIT is not suitable. SC Design. Planning is important. SC design is about planning. When suppliers design their supply chain maritime and port services is a part of that. So mapping is important. Stockholders point is storage. Horizontal line represents move. When it stops – verti cal lines = storage or waiting. Egg. BBC container tracking. This is SC mapping.Horizontal line is lead-time (time from production centre 1 to production centre 2). Lead time depends on inventory to determine when order is to be placed. SC starts from the fiber and end with the clothes on the shelf. Through this we see pipeline length and volume. E. G, coca cola. Postponement of safety stock What is postponement? H and Ezra – they use postponement principle. Clothes must be in fashion. Don't know faction of 09. Try to postpone as much as possible the manufacturing time. Forecast, ii, postpone. Dell also uses this strategy. Don't develop their machines until last moment.Can use the latest technology and the price gets cheaper. Anticipate time needed and kind of product needed. Decision is postponed to the last moment. Postponement principle can reduce stock. Has bearing on transport too. Better information flow will impact SC. Next slide Sometimes for material flow speed might not be appreciated. Transport is used as storage to adjust transport time to match with performance. Sometimes it's because of the price. E. G. Iron ore in China, there is too much now. Information speed is always good but for material sometimes it needs to be fast and other times not so fast.Compression of lead-time in manufacturing activity. Supply chain map – length (vertical) volume (horizontal) – try to compress it to see possibilities to reduce some of the variable. Ocean transport can't be adjusted as speed can't be reduced. SC design. Lead-time is transport. Port of Amsterdam case study summary Market research – likelihood to attract new carriers / guarantee – balance and supply (elasticity). When port built no congestion in Europe – more port than ships. Impossible to get firm commitment – plenty choices. More supply than demand. Demand price inelastic. Shipping companies never give guarantees.Optimization, integration, collaborati on, synchronization. Have to synchronize. Increase speed of one operations but the speed of other things remained unchanged. No synchronization. If the discharged boxes cannot be moved this is a logistics problem. The concept of logistics: most important – total cost. Port of Amsterdam forgot total cost. Typical failure case that should never have been done. Restricted berths – bigger ships cannot fit in today – size is restrictive. How wide and long should ship be. (Panama Canal has size restriction and is thus a constraint – ships in the Asian Logistic: Inventory and Total Logistics Cost Supply chain is a network of logistic systems. Logistics concerns one company's system. Supply chain includes different companies. E. G. Dell computer – the logistics is Just their company but the supply chain includes all the part suppliers. Their logistics system is a part of dells supply chain. It includes also the retailers and supplier. Other company's logistics included in Dell's supply chain. Logistics is an early version of the supply chain. Logistics originated in the US military. Flow of cargo (people, weapon in war is logistics. ) Organizing a course/seminar – logistics needed for success.Today all the successful companies find their competitiveness from logistics, not from the product itself. E. G. Walter (retailer, wholesaler, supermarket chain) – their competitive edge comes from logistics. They are not selling anything different from others. They have a superior logistics system. Logistics make them succeed. Dell also, service is good, price attrac tive – success comes from logistics. Another definition people define logistics differently but they mean the same thing. Slide Logistics/Concept 4 Instead of saying process, they say optimization, etc. Process of location.Says movement and storage of resources instead of saying goods/services and information. They call logistic activities economic activities. Transport is one of then, port services, production, storage, distribution, etc. – take place bet. The point of origin and point of destination and consumption. Logistics is about the 5 RSI. What are the 5 RSI? Logistics is about getting right goods at right place at right time in right form at right price. Military is really about this. In commercial entities we emphasize on the price a lot. This is also the definition of logistics.Right goods, right in quality in correct quantity. Different level of logistics. In-bound, out-bound logistics. Logistics of production (table, book, car, etc. ), there are two levels of logistics. Logistics within the production process – in the factory. How do you optimize the production within the factory? We call this operational logistics or workers together. How do you put temporary storage along the assembly line? All this is logistics. E. G. WHIM library – lack of space. How to maximize space? Library space layout. It's about logistics. Different factories have different layouts – this is logistics.We are interested in logistics before the production starts. The cargo coming into the factory and when the production is finished, the cargo moving out to the next step – all towards the final consumption. This is what we call in-bound and out-bound logistics. This is what we are interested in. Maritime transport takes part in inbound and out-bound logistics than for production logistics. We are interested in how to move material to production and from production to consumers. When we try to understand logistics, we look at some lo gistics questions for example a typical question is about where to find the raw material needed.Raw material may be in different places. Some places might have different quality and prices. The difference between that place and the production might be different and therefore remonstration time and cost might be different. Where to find energy supply? Labor supply? Should you move your factory offshore to benefit cheap labor? If you do that be careful that higher prices might have to be paid on other services for example transportation. Where to set up production bases? In shipping, where should the port be located? Where to build warehouse and distribution centre. E. . Toyota car has their distribution centre for the Nordic countries at the port of Mammal. Before that they had centre in all the countries. So many distribution centre, different logistics cost than if there is a concentration of activities. Where to have branch organizations? The answers consider a lot of activities i ncluding transportation. We are in maritime transport so we are affected by the customers decision. Other types of logistics questions for ex. How to transport from A to B and choice of transport mode – air sea, road. Egg. Oslo to Mammal – road, sea. Air, rail.Different modes of transport have different logistics implications. Ex field trips – logistics question, how to transport students – sea (too long), air, road, rail. How to transport container? Hub and spoke – benefit from economies of scale. More cargo handling costs. The best solution must be a logistics solution. Best way to transport cargo from A to B. Flow and storage from point of origin to destination to comply with customers' requirement. Moving from A to B different options – different solution. When should transport start – how long should it take. Route? Storage? How, when needed?Mat of cargo to be transported at one time? Economies of scale? Packing needed? Logistics is everywhere. Farmer from southern Sweden – buy fertilizer in Sweden, buy from Germany (expensive land transport), buy from US where its much cheaper, but he has to pay more transportation cost. Where to find the material? Emphasis is on maritime transport – movement of goods. Shipping co. Transport goods – need info to do so. Port and shipping concerned with flow and storage of goods. October 28, 2008 Session 2 Slide Logistics/Concept 9 There always has to be a logistics concept. And a logistics concept is what?It's about total cost concept. This is the most important concept. It looks easy but total cost concept is not always observed, so people make mistakes as a result. It is a customer service requirement. Logistics concept is also about outsourcing, integration, global about concept, it is also about processes. The processes we call drivers. It drives the logistics process. It can't all be about concept. It has to be something tangible. Logistics is abou t processes. We are doing these everyday, ex. Manufacturing and transportation, distribution, inventory control, procurement.These are all activities, but the difference between these and logistics are that we are doing these in an integrated manner under the concept of logistics. So we have the concept and the drivers. The difference between these activities and logistics, we are doing them under the total cost and the customer service concept, so this is relatively new. Third is IT. We call IT enablers – that enables us to do the processes under the concept of logistics. Sometimes we can't do the processes (drivers) without IT. Ex. Dell computers. They obtained their competitive edge from logistics.Logistics means to get a computer from the production to the customers without any retailers. No middlemen. Order online, design own computer. The aim of logistics is to minimize the total cost. Can only do this with IT tools. So the three components have to come together using t he IT tools. We need to understand the role of IT in the whole process. Ex. Just in Time system. This is Inventory control under the concept of egoistic using information technology. The 3 components have to work together. How do we take all these functions (MFC, transportation, distribution, warehousing, etc. In an integrated manner under the concept of logistics using IT tools. Ex. Individual delivery. Concept is to minimize total cost. Total cost is manufacturing, transport, didst. , etc. How do we minimize that? Use IT. Dell used IT to find out that their total cost will be minimized if they cut out the middle man. IT enables the cutting out of the middle man. Good online service. Shipping line is not making anything – it is a part of transport. Shipping companies as a company have logistics problems also. Shipping has a double role to play.Shipping is a part of the logistics chain of a customer, but at the same time they have their own logistics problem. Shipping's logis tics problems include arranging bunkers, choosing port of call, types of service to provide, empty container management, repositioning of containers, terminal logistics, fleet logistics, agency logistics, but shipping as a service provider is part of the logistics of customers. Ex. KEA – furniture maker – shipping important. Shipping has a double role to play. Ex. Wimp's logistics service. Logistics in third world countries is not good enough. Read World Bank Report.The three components of logistics are important. Dell manages their total cost through logistics, so does Wall-Mart. All the processes have to be IT enabled. Control-implementation-control. HP has a fixed model on the shelf. Dell, make your own – different customer service. One is enabled by IT. Logistics has 3 components – concept, process, IT. Slide logistics/Concept 10 Supply chain – different sources to choose from. Take one then the next step and the next. This is the flow of cargo from origin to destination – the flow of information from user to origin. Information flow and cargo flow go in opposite directions.Ex. Dell – the information goes from the customer to Dell and the cargo from Dell to the customer. How will the producer know what kind of products the consumer will need? The consumer will have to tell. Opposite directions. Dell transport one computer to each customer so the customer pays more for transportation, but other costs like the shops and overhead related costs do not exist. If we compare this cost with the cost is very important. Total cost concept can be better understood by looking at slide Logistics/Concept 1 1 . This is a Total cost in Logistics and Supply Chain System.Marketing and logistics are closely related. This picture is very true. What is marketing? It is about the 4 As – product, price, promotion, place. So in this marketing there is one component about place which is about logistics. In the logistics about the place and the customer service (where the customer wants the cargo to be) and there are other cost elements. Ex. Related to place, transport cost has to be incurred – also warehousing cost, flow and storage. Other costs like inventory costs will be incurred. What is the difference between inventory cost and warehousing cost – inventory cost for keeping goods in stock).Inventory cost is the value of the goods. Books for new WHIM students – cost of book (inventory) plus storage (warehousing). Processing and information cost – each time we order, we have to follow procedure, fill in forms, etc. Processing cost can be high. Egg. When we are transporting our boxes home, have to have bill of lading. This has a cost (processing and information cost). Lot quantity cost – economies of scale. Purchasing/transporting/buying a big amount and will benefit from economies of scale, this is called lot quantities. Put all these 5 elements together and this is total cost.The objective of logistics is not to optimize a cost element, it's not to minimize a cost element, but rather to optimize the total cost and minimize the total cost. Minimize the total cost – this is what logistics is all about. This is easier said than done. KIT, the idea is to reduce the inventory cost to zero if possible. At the same time warehousing cost is being reduced – this is a good system. What other cost will be affected – transport cost. All these cost elements are interrelated and interdependent. So interaction and interdependence are also important.Change of inventory will affect transport cost, lot quantity cost, etc. KIT system for example – daily consumption of rice. Let's say we eat egg of rice each time. Based on KIT, each time we need rice, we should buy only egg. Do we do this? No, then against KIT principle. We buy 200 kilos – 2 cost occur – inventory cost and the money spent on the rice cannot be used (capit al tied up – cash flow problem). If this money was put in the bank it would generate some interest. Where is the rice put? The place occupied by the rice can't be used for something else.In production if you buy too much to get economies of scale from purchasing, we'll incur a high inventory cost. If we are not buying kilos, we buy a quantity in between – say 2 kilo. Optimal total cost. If we buy egg each time inventory cost is zero – have to buy each time we need to cost. That is time and transport cost. Lot quantity cost will change as there is no savings to be got through economies of scale. And each time we buy there are other costs like information and processing (maybe not in the case of rice, but generally). Put all these costs together, and find a good place in between. We do this by Cost Trade-off.Cost Trade Off Slide Ex. Manufacturing activity involves making projectors in Mammal, Sweden and need to supply them to the rest of Europe. No distribution ce ntre, or warehouses, or depots, o because we cover the entire Europe, each time we have an order from someplace in Europe, we pack the projector and send it off. What do we save – inventory, we do not keep inventory. What do we have to spend more – transportation cost will be very expensive. We therefore have to find out if we have a warehouse somewhere in them from Mammal to the customer; we send it from that storage which is closer so we save transportation cost.How many such warehouses we need to cover Europe? It depends on the elements: transport, inventory, lot quantity, warehouse costs. In optimizing all these costs together is a logistics decision. Ex. In the case of the depots, we might have 8, 10, 12 to cover the entire Europe. What cost elements we have in the case of the distribution of projectors in Europe. First the systems cost, the processing and information cost. When there is a centre there needs to be a computer system, a financial system, etc. If the re is no centre, the system cost is very low.The more centre, the higher the system cost and this is a storage cost. If there is only one storage at the headquarters in Mammal, the cost would be relatively low. As the numbers of depots are being increased the storage cost will be very high. Inventory cost – more depots, more stock – higher inventory cost. Trucking cost – tree has trunk and branches. Trunk means main transportation, branches mean local delivery. Transport cargo from production to main distribution centre = trunk transport and then from distribution centre to each individual apartments = local delivery.Trucking cost – the more centre, the more trucking cost. If there are no depots, each time to ship from mammal to each individual location will be very high. The more depots, the less the local delivery cost will be. The total distribution cost is the addition of all cost, this is what we call total logistics cost. When we have the total logi stics cost curve it corresponds to the number 8 meaning there should be eight distribution centre. So this is the solution – 8 centre. As costs change, oil, etc, the optimal numbers of centre will change. Its not static, its dynamic (the Total Didst. Curve).Logistics – one has to plan, implement, control. If the individual costs are changed then total cost will be different – high/low. E. G. If the interest becomes low – inventory cost will be affected as the capital will become cheap. If oil cost increase, interest rate decrease – could end up with more centre which means saving more rainspout cost, esp.. Local delivery cost. Transport cost in total will be less. Inventory cost is dependent on interest rates. May have 9/10 depots. # of depots depend on cost elements. Cost trade off is important. With depots total cost is lower, so this will save cost.Having depot is a cost but the cost is lower than not to have them. E. G. KEA used to rent warehou ses, now they build – benefit of depreciation. Next Slide Logistics cost in the USA Logistics cost include transportation cost, inventory, warehousing, distributing, etc. How much logistics cost people pay as a percentage of a country GAP – 10% in the US. Inventory cost increase faster than the transportation cost bet. 1980 and 2005- why? Better inventory control, interest rate lower so inventory cost lower. Interest was low in the rest of the world until about 2005. Deflation = lower inventory cost.In other countries this percentage is much higher. China – 18% of GAP spent on logistics (used to be 20%). China is more representative of developing countries. So in developing countries logistics systems are not as efficient as those in industrialized countries. 9. 5% is similar in Europe and Japan (COED countries). In developing countries it's much higher. Includes all logistics cost element – transport, inventory, etc. – big room for improvement. Ne xt slide Customer service is another concept. Customer service is the output of logistic based, performance-based, philosophy based.Activity based e. G. After sales service, marketing, public relations. Performance based – what is the standard? Ex. Dell computer is performance based, delivered in 48 hours – performance-based customer service. Can be measured. Ex. , ports – waiting time for ships – rush. Philosophy based on what customers require is the customer service – according to customers taste – before, during, and after transaction. What is transaction? Buy goods, pay. Customer service can take place before this, during, after. Changes in CSS level affect total logistics cost. Next slide CSS High, Low.Cost Low/High – the higher the customer service level, the higher the cost. No ship should wait in port for more than 3 hours. This will cost a lot of money – will have to build more berths. Define customer service level. T ry to minimize total cost based on this pre-condition. Why CSS level increase and inventory level affected. The higher the CSS, the higher the inventory level. Goal: increased SSL, so high inventory level. It's a decision the company makes – customer service level is very important. (Refers to graph on the right) Try to find a way to push the line by introducing a better way of production e. . Using IT, new production method. Reduce cost but still satisfy goal – IT, use better system. Next slide: industry norm, etc. Customer's response to stock out. Is a risk being run of losing the customer? All different ways to define the customer service level. KIT System Developed by Toyota. Called the Kanata system. When a container of parts is chosen to be used from inbound stockinet in-out in-out This is the production. Eng the assembly line how do you get different stages to work together in harmony. The system has two cards. KIT works with 2 cards – the move cards and the production cards. Hen you see the move card, time to move the container or the other card, time to produce. Work centre 1 the card moves along the production line from one work centre to the next. Toyota manage to have minimum inventory along the assembly line. They have one container of part. Cards are turning around and the parts are being moved from one centre to another. For logistics a better understanding of Just in time is very important. 9 Cot 2008 There are two circulations of cards. How do the 2 circulations make the KIT system work? Why does it work? Key elements: to reduce inventory therefore reduces the capital tied up in inventory.Planning, staff commitment including suppliers, suppliers' ability to meet the demand. Some inventory is kept because there is a container. One piece at a time is being used from the container so the rest must be inventory. What is the average inventory? What is the customer requirement? It's the size of the container. The container is fu ll – how big is the container. How is the size of the container defined? The size of the container is planned based on production. Supply 20 units at the beginning and then it's consumed and a new container comes. The container is consumed during a cycle. The cycle is the time needed.The average inventory is a half of the container what ever the amount it contains. Typical KIT, there should be no inventory so why is inventory kept? When we need egg rice why don't we get exactly that? Other costs would increase too much. KIT – to keep as little inventory as possible. The size of the container depends on what? Transportation two don't match then the size of the container needs to be changed. If the transport sakes more time then increase the size of the container and vice versa. Transport time important. Volvo had KIT between Gent and Mammal. How much inventory should be in the Volvo factory in inventory?A lot. Why? Engine parts are made in Sweden to be used in Belgium. This transport takes one week by ship. As it takes one week, there should at least be spare parts for one week. Toyota has KIT. In the city of Toyota in Japan within 30 kilometers of the factory all Toyota parts are made there. This is the perfect KIT system. KIT emphasizes the reliability of the transport system. The two containers must have the same matching size. If parts can't be produced in time, the cart must be moved earlier. At the moment one container is taken to the in stock point, another container load of part should be produced.Suppose the production takes more time than when one cart comes back? Egg. If production takes 20 hours, parts can be made in 10 hrs. The time information is sent – information flow is the key. Plan to know how long production will take. In Japan, transport is guaranteed (Toyota). What is supplier commitment? Shortcomings of the KIT system? Now we assume we only need 20 parts in 10 hours, how about if the demand change and we need 30 parts in 10 hours. If the speed of production is variable the whole system is challenged. If the demand is certain/flexed then it can be planned – production rate and transportation.But what if production rate changes? This is a challenge for some of the production down the line that may need more time and material which might have to come from far. Not easy to adjust production. Shortcomings: Does only one supplier have to be used with KIT? No, Honda uses more than one supplier. In KIT, anything that goes wrong will collapse the entire system. In KIT the entire chain has to be KIT, it can't be at only one stage of the production. If not it forces other suppliers downs the line to keep inventory. KIT of big companies push inventory down the line if the don't plan effectively.Because smaller suppliers want to satisfy big companies, they are forced to keep inventory. KIT has to be along the entire supply chain. KIT may be only at the very large suppliers who push the inventory down the line to smaller suppliers. Toyota case: 1/52 weeks car production stopped because of a fire at one supplier – ripple effect. The decision of Toyota to do nothing was based on the total minimum cost of they did various studies. CCITT Case: The reliability of transportation and the uncertainty factors make logistics system key. The importance of information. Logistics concept drivers enablers, under total cost and customer level.KIT will never work without IT. Everything works together with IT supporting the processes under total cost and customer level. The process, concept or IT cannot work separately. Information is critical for success as well as the reliability of demand. Forecast and planning important to know when demand change. Transportation is also important for this system. If the transport distance is long, the container has to be big. The size of the container is influenced by time (transport). Transport is via sea – only use air in case of emergency. If transport takes a long time or is unreliable then more inventory needs to be kept.Gent is the biggest Volvo manufacturer. Terrines transport the parts from Sweden to Belgium. The shorter the interval of the shipping service, the lower the level of inventory required. This can make the transport expensive. So it's the total cost that is important that will Supply chain 2 definitions (see slide): it's a network, not port to port. In logistics there is no procurement. The 2 key words in logistics are flow and storage. Supply chain includes manufacture. Transformation = manufacturing. 1st law of dynamics – don't create anything, only change the form. Supply chain includes much more than logistics.Logistics narrowly defined. Supply chain is broader. Procurement also concerned with about origin of the goods. Optimization Integration Collaboration Synchronization Optimization – optimize one stage, the entire thing is not optimized so integration has to take place then consol idation then synchronization (concerted manner, happening in the same time). Relationship along supply chain. Start from optimization to synchronization. The idea of supply chain is relatively recent compared to logistics. 1960/ass people start to talk about total cost. E. G. In stage one warehousing and transport are separate functions.Management focus was operations performance. No integration. Logistics integrated both to see how they can be optimized. This is called total cost management. So the focus changed to optimizing total cost and customer service. Customer service put together with cost. Organization design is a centralized function. 80,s integrated logistics function. This moved today to supply chain MGM. Put logistics together to get supply chain. Supply chain broader than logistics. Stage 1 -separately treated, not optimized. Optimization done within the company. Optimize internal functions – transportation and inventory.Intra company and intra functional. This function is a logistics function. The logistics function today is moving still in the company but inter functional. Everything in the company put together – integration. Toyota inter company – higher level of integration. Toyota owns the supplier – easier to do KIT. Companies are integrated supply chain – Inter company and inter functional. Dell and their suppliers are integrated. Also Wall-Mart. The producers don't take orders from Wall-Mart – the ‘cards' in KIT comes from individual supermarkets. Producers can check storage level of Wall-Mart outlets.Everything is totally integrated. No personal intervention to place order etc. The system is integrated – good supply chain – inter company. Next Slide From fragmented logistics to integrated supply chain. In the fist stage do one function at a time – inventory or warehouse or transport. In the later stage, intra functional – the whole function optimized. From fragm ented logistics to integrated SCM. Suppliers, manufacturer, distributor, retailer, customer are all integrated with he other functions in the company and go to the next stage you integrate between the functions in the companies and between the companies.This is interception and will become in the true sense a supply chain. Supply chain broader today than the logistics. SC have to work with other companies. To satisfy your customers require more than one company: need supplier, manufacturer, distributor, and retailer. E. G. Markers – their system integrated with some of their key customers – key client management. Copra's definition of supply chain. Within an organization there is a supply chain. Egg. WHOM, teaching, supply services, library, canteen, etc. Al depots. Work together to satisfy customer. SC decisions – have to have supply chain design and strategy.Strategic level, medium term, short term – operational, daily and based on the company's competi tive strategy. Michael porter: define competitive strategy in terms of product differentiation or cost cutting leadership. How to achieve strategy: SC strategy. Balance bet. Efficiency and responsiveness. How to respond to demand? Efficiency includes cost-effectiveness, I. E. Cheap. Fast response – this is provided at a cost. Efficiency might compromise cost. Decision making is from lower level to higher. Many competitive strategies come from SC strategy. Wall-Mart is from logistics.Dell is from Supply chain Beer game: Once demand is variable SC difficult to maintain. KIT difficult to maintain. Long time to reach an equilibrium. In the end have to keep large inventory. Once demand is unstable KIT is not suitable. SC Design. Planning is important. SC design is about planning. When suppliers design their supply chain maritime and port services is a part of that. So mapping is important. Stockholders point is storage. Horizontal line represents move. When it stops – verti cal lines = storage or waiting. Egg. BBC container tracking. This is SC mapping.Horizontal line is lead-time (time from production centre 1 to production centre 2). Lead time depends on inventory to determine when order is to be placed. SC starts from the fiber and end with the clothes on the shelf. Through this we see pipeline length and volume. E. G, coca cola. Postponement of safety stock What is postponement? H and Ezra – they use postponement principle. Clothes must be in fashion. Don't know faction of 09. Try to postpone as much as possible the manufacturing time. Forecast, ii, postpone. Dell also uses this strategy. Don't develop their machines until last moment.Can use the latest technology and the price gets cheaper. Anticipate time needed and kind of product needed. Decision is postponed to the last moment. Postponement principle can reduce stock. Has bearing on transport too. Better information flow will impact SC. Next slide Sometimes for material flow speed might not be appreciated. Transport is used as storage to adjust transport time to match with performance. Sometimes it's because of the price. E. G. Iron ore in China, there is too much now. Information speed is always good but for material sometimes it needs to be fast and other times not so fast.Compression of lead-time in manufacturing activity. Supply chain map – length (vertical) volume (horizontal) – try to compress it to see possibilities to reduce some of the variable. Ocean transport can't be adjusted as speed can't be reduced. SC design. Lead-time is transport. Port of Amsterdam case study summary Market research – likelihood to attract new carriers / guarantee – balance and supply (elasticity). When port built no congestion in Europe – more port than ships. Impossible to get firm commitment – plenty choices. More supply than demand. Demand price inelastic. Shipping companies never give guarantees.Optimization, integration, collaborati on, synchronization. Have to synchronize. Increase speed of one operations but the speed of other things remained unchanged. No synchronization. If the discharged boxes cannot be moved this is a logistics problem. The concept of logistics: most important – total cost. Port of Amsterdam forgot total cost. Typical failure case that should never have been done. Restricted berths – bigger ships cannot fit in today – size is restrictive. How wide and long should ship be. (Panama Canal has size restriction and is thus a constraint – ships in the Asian