Work Motivation

Work Motivation Theory and Research at The Dawn Of The Twenty-First Century Based on this journal, the writers examine progress made in theory and research on needs, traits, values, cognition, and affect as well as three bodies of literature dealing with the context of motivation: national culture, job design, and models of person environment fit. They focus primarily on work reported between 1993 and 2003, concluding that goal setting, social cognitive, and organizational justice theories are the three most important approaches to work motivation to appear in the last 30 years.The writers reach 10 generally positive conclusions regarding predicting, understanding, and influencing work motivation in the new millennium. Miner (2003) concluded that motivation continues to hold a significant position in the eyes of scholars. Miner’s conclusion is based on a comparison with other middle range theories of organizational behavior (OB). The question remains on an absolute standard, m otivation theory and research have fared well over the last quarter of a century.In answering this question, we provide a definition of the construct and an assessment of how the field of motivation in the workplace has evolved and progressed since the year in which the last chapter devoted exclusively to this topic appeared in the Annual Review of Psychology (ARP). We selectively review theory and research, emphasizing work published in the past decade, 1993–2003, with special emphasis given to research on contextual effects and mediating mechanisms.Work motivation is a set of energetic forces that originate both within as well as beyond an individual’s being, to initiate work-related behavior and to determine its form, direction, intensity, and duration (Pinder 1998). where motivation is a process resulting from the interaction between the individual and the environment. However, because of space limitations, the writers just focus on national culture, job design cha racteristics, and person-environment fit, omitting reviews of other exogenous sources of motivation.MOTIVATIONAL FRAMEWORK The framework used in reviewing the literature is consistent with Locke & Henne(1986). Needs is followed by a focus on (b) personal traits. An individual difference variable rooted in needs is (c) values. Because context affects the extent to which needs are met and values are fulfilled, emphasis is given to (d) national culture, (e) job design characteristics, and (f) person context fit. Needs and values affect (g) cognition, particularly goals. Cognition plays an integral role in each of these concepts.Although (h) affective reactions need not depend on cognition (Bandura 1997), the two usually are reciprocally related (Lord & Kanfer 2002). Finally, affect is influenced by culture as well as by organizational norms (Lord & Harvey 2002). We close with an (i) assessment of progress in the field since 1977. NEEDS Aslam et al. (2000) presented a process-based anal ysis of need structure and need salience derived from the social identity approach to organizational behavior.When personal identity is salient, needs to self- actualize and to enhance self esteem through personal advancement and growth become dominant. When social identity is salient, the need to enhance group based self-esteem through a sense of relatedness, respect, peer recognition, and attainment of group goals dominate. They stated that McGregor’s (1960) Theory Y assumptions apply when the supervisor and employee share the same identity; Theory X assumptions apply when they do not do so. 2 People are motivated to attain goals that are compatible with their self-identity.Needs associated with a specific group membership are internalized; they serve as a guide for behavior in a specific working context. Need-based theories explain why a person must act; they do not explain why specific actions are chosen in specific situations to obtain specific outcomes. Moreover, they d o not easily account for individual differences. Hence, along with increased attention to needs, there has also been a resurgence of interest in individual differences, particularly with regard to the effects of job characteristics on employee motivation.TRAITS In summary, the importance of personality in predicting, understanding, and influencing choice, affect, and performance has been shown, as well as the importance of job characteristics (e. g. , autonomy) as a mediator/moderator. An issue identified by Locke & Latham (2004) that has yet to be addressed is how general variables such as personality are applied to and are mediated by task and situationally specific variables in affecting performance, or how they are moderated by situations and affect situational structuring and choice.Locke (2001) showed that values and personality work through goals and self-efficacy to influence performance. Yet it is likely that some trait effects are direct and thus are not mediated. Research is needed on if, when, and why this occurs VALUES Values are rooted in needs and provide a principal basis for goals (Locke & Henne 1986). Locke & Henne (1986) argued that values are inherent in most work moti- vation theories. These theories focus on the influence of one or several particu- lar values, such as perceptions of fairness on action or on the effects of values in general (expectancy theory).CONTEXT As a result of globalization, however, values have been studied within the context of a person’s culture and job as well as person-environment fit. National Culture In an attempt to tie together needs and values, Steers & Sanchez-Runde (2002) stated that national culture determines three key sets of distal sources of motivation: (a) people’s self-concept, including personal beliefs, needs, and values; (b) norms about work ethic and the nature of â€Å"achievement,† tolerance for ambiguity, locus of control, etc. ; and (c) â€Å"environmental factors†.Based on their conceptual model, the authors concluded that these distal factors influence self-efficacy beliefs, work motivation levels, and goals, as well as the nature of incentives and disincentives to perform. Building on research findings of other scholars, Leung (2001) has offered four hypotheses for further research: (a) work teams in collectivistic cultures have higher levels of unconditional benevolence and positive social identity that, in turn, lead to higher levels of in-group involvement than is the case for groups that value ndividualism; (b) productivity and performance levels are more homogenous (not necessarily higher or lower) in collectivistic cultures than in individualistic cultures; (c) motivational strategies by superiors have more effect on subordinates in cultures with high levels of power distance than in cultures low in power distance; and (d) negative reactions from supervisors in high power-distance cultures generate more negative reactions among wor kers than is the case in low power-distance cultures.Job Design Characteristics Gustafson & Mumford (1995) reported that the ability of personality measures to predict performance as well as satisfaction increases when characteristics of a job are taken into account. Job autonomy can facilitate the time necessary for learning and development, which in turn improves job performance (Wall & Jackson 1995).Cordery (1997) argued the necessity of differentiating the importance of three dimensions of job autonomy, namely (a) method control as defined by the amount of discretion one has over the way in which work is performed, (b) timing control in terms of the influence one has over scheduling of work, and (c) discretion in setting performance goals.He found four interrelated dimensions that affect job autonomy, namely the extent to which the supervisor (a) provides clear attainable goals, (b) exerts control over work activities, (c) ensures that the requisite resources are available, and (d) gives timely accurate feedback on progress toward goal attainment. PERSON CONTEXT-FIT The basic assumption underlying these models is that the relationship between person variables (such as needs or values) and both individual and organizational outcomes is contingent upon various features of the environment (such as the job, the organization, or culture).These models originated from Shaffer's (1953). He used Murray’s (1938) needs to develop a goodness-of-fit model that takes into account individual differences in needs as well as the characteristics of jobs. Cable ; DeRue (2002), through a confirmatory factor analysis, found that employees differentiate among three varieties of fit: (a) person-environment fit (in which the focus is on organizational outcomes such as organizational identification and turnover decisions); (b) â€Å"needs-supplies† fit (in which the primary focus is on career-related outcomes such as employee satisfaction) and (c) job demands– employee abilities fit.COGNITION As Locke ; Henne (1986) observed, cognition is inherent in motivation. The sensations of pleasure and pain are informational. Based on needs, values, and the situational context, people set goals and strategize ways to attain them. Goal-Setting Theory A meta-analysis by Zetik ; Stuhlmacher (2002) revealed that negotiators who have specific, challenging, and conflicting goals consistently achieve higher profits than those with no goals. Consistent with goal-setting theory, the higher the goal, the higher the outcome.No effect was found for participation in setting goals. Contextual Conditions Seijts ; Latham (2000b) examined the applicability of goal-setting principles when personal goals are potentially incompatible with those of the group. They found that social dilemmas are boundary conditions for the usual positive effects of goal setting. Self-enhancing personal goals have a detrimental effect on a group’s performance. Audia et al. (2000) found that past success increased strategic decision makers’ satisfaction, and satisfaction led them to increase their past strategies.Higher satisfaction was associated with higher self-efficacy and higher performance goals that increased dysfunctional persistence subsequent to a radical change in the environment. Implementation Intentions and Auto-Motive Goals Gollwitzer (1999) found that goal intentions that are accompanied by implementation intentions on tasks that are complex for people lead to a higher rate of goal attainment than do goal intentions only. An implementation intention is a mental link that is created between a specific future situation and the intended goal-directed response. Thus, it is subordinate to goal intention.Implementation intentions specify when, where, and how behavior is likely to lead to goal attainment. By forming implementation intentions, people strategically switch from conscious effortful control of their goal-directed behavior to being automatically controlled by situational cues. Bargh ; Ferguson (2000) summarized research findings that show that automatic or nonconscious goals produce the same outcomes as conscious goal pursuit in information processing, memory storage, social behavior, and task performance, as well as in self efficacy, self evaluation, and mood state. FeedbackAshford et al. (2003) stated that the processing of feedback likely involves monitoring the environment in an automatic preconscious fashion through visual, auditory, and relational cues. In their enumerative review, Ashford ; Black (1996) also suggested three primary motives for feedback seeking: instrumental to attain a goal and perform well, ego-based to defend or enhance one’s ego, and image-based to protect or enhance the impression others have of oneself. Self-Regulation Goal setting and feedback seeking in relation to goals are the core of self-regulation (Latham ; Locke 1991).Self-regulatory processes supporting goal impleme ntation were examined by Gollwitzer ; Bayer (1999). They offered a time perspective on goal striving and self-regulatory processes as mediating the effects of intentions on behavior. The latter consists of four phases: predecisional (choosing among competing wishes, based on expected value); preactional (forming implementation intentions in the service of the goal intention); actional (bringing goal direct actions to a successful end); and postactional (evaluation as to whether further action is necessary)Expectancy Theory After reviewing the literature, Ambrose ; Kulik (1999) concluded that little or no advances have been made in expectancy theory research in the past decade. Ambrose ; Kulik concluded that there are few theoretical or applied reasons for additional research on the application of this theory to organizational behavior Social Cognitive Theory SCT research shows empirically that the effect of environmental antecedents and consequences are mediated by cognitive variabl es.SCT emphasizes dual control systems in the self-regulation of motivation, namely a proactive discrepancy production system that works in concert with a reactive discrepancy reduction system (Bandura 2001). Thus, people are motivated by the foresight of goals, not just the hindsight of shortfalls. A specific high goal creates negative discrepancies to be mastered. Effort and resources are mobilized based on anticipatory estimates of what is necessary for goal attainment. AFFECT/EMOTION Mowday ; Sutton (1993) argued against an overemphasis on cognition in the study of motivation.This is because moods and emotions influence the attainment of complex long-term goals (Lord ; Kanfer 2002) and are interrelated with the other constructs we have discussed. Erez ; Isen (2002) showed that people with higher levels of positive affect exhibited higher levels of persistence, effort, self-reported motivation, and performance on two different tasks. Positive affect was associated with higher lev els of valence and expectancy beliefs at these tasks as well as higher levels of instrumentality beliefs at one of them. Organizational JusticeA significant body of research on work motivation that has appeared since Korman et al. ’s 1977 review is conceptualizations of organizational justice (Greenberg 1987). These studies, based on sociolegal research of disputants’ reactions to a conflict resolution, supplement Adam’s equity theory, the fundamental idea of which is that individuals develop beliefs about the inputs they provide in their employment relationship as well as about the outcomes they receive in return, and they form attitudes about the ratio between inputs and outcomes in relation to the corresponding ratios they perceive among comparison others.The premise of organizational justice is that fair procedures enhance employee acceptance of organizational outcomes. second premise, namely that in addition to being fair, leaders must be perceived as fair with regard to outcomes and processes that serve an important psychological need (Greenberg 1990). CONCLUSIONS First, three theories dominate the motivation literature: goal-setting, social cognitive, and organizational justice. Second, whereas theory and research in the third quarter of the twentieth century focused almost exclusively on cognition (Latham ; Budworth 2004), this is no longer true.Third, the ability to predict, understand, and influence motivation in the workplace has increased significantly as a result of the attention that has been given to all rather than only a few aspects of an employee’s motivation. Fourth, whereas the dependent variables historically studied were limited to traditional measures of job performance and satisfaction, today’s dependent variables range from citizenship to counterproductive behavior. Fifth, Cronbach’s (1957) plea a half century ago for experimental and correlational psychology to combine forces has been heeded.S ixth, the importance of context to motivation has been recognized much more in recent years than in the past; so much so that an additional chapter could be devoted to it. Seventh, these advances in the study of motivation may reflect the fact that this subject is no longer restricted to the research findings of North Americans. Eighth, behavioral scientists in the latter half of the twentieth century responded positively to William James’ exhortation to systematically study consciousness. Ninth, the antagonisms among theorists that existed throughout much of the twentieth century have either disappeared or have been minimized.Tenth, the nomological nets related to work motivation constructs are thicker and tighter than ever before, but the size of the aggregate net (metaphorically speaking) is not growing at a rate commensurate with the energy that scholars and practitioners have invested since 1977. Accordingly, Steers (2001) recently recognized the limitations of current t heory and research in work motivation, and issued a call for groundbreaking papers for publication in a special edition of the Academy of Management Review in 2004. It is too soon to assess whether any of the papers published in response to his call will

Pompeii The Forgotten City History Essay

The wonder of hidden or disregarded metropoliss is capturing. Pompeii was wholly buried in a affair of seconds, when Mount Vesuvius erupted. The ash and â€Å" miasmic gas † preserved everything in sight ( EyeWitnesstoHistory ) . Even after at least 2000 old ages of being buried you can see people in the center of populating their lives, working on their farm, or merely traveling to the market topographic point. â€Å" Parts of the site remain exposed, and digging and research squads are still trying to uncover this cryptic metropolis ‘s secrets. † ( EyeWitnesstoHistory ) It is sad to state that â€Å" the memory of Pompeii and the environing metropoliss faded into a obscure fable about the lost hoarded wealth of La Citta ( â€Å" the City † ) . † ( EyeWitnesstoHistory ) Pompeii was a really comfortable land, really rich, in money and harvests, the people at that place had a alone manner to â€Å" manner † their houses, utilizing tiles made of lava and besides colored rocks to do mosaics. â€Å" The site of Pompeii is located in western Italy in a part called Campania, with the seashore to the West and the Apennine Mountains to the E. Campania is a fertile field, traversed by two major rivers and blessed with dirt rich in P and potassium hydroxide. † ( EyeWitnesstoHistory ) Pompeii is on a â€Å" a tableland formed by an ancient lava sedimentation sou'-east of the vent Mt. Vesuvius. The metropolis ‘s site is besides a short distance North of the Sarno River and E of the Bay of Naples. This location insured the metropolis ‘s function as a centre of commercialism. Pompeii was a land with fertile evidences, due to the vent and a trade centre. † ( Archive.Pompeii ) â€Å" Pompeii was considered a instead big metropolis at the clip, more cosmopolites than Rome. It held control over city states near it and was a centre for trade in harvests, due to the fertile evidences, vino and olive oil. â€Å" ( Stories form an Volcanic eruption ) Pompeii was a really Rich civilization. â€Å" Pompeii grew from a colony of Oscan talking posterities of the Neolithic dwellers of Campania. Pre-Roman Pompeii, as a portion of Campania, was a receiver of a complex set of cultural influences: Etruscans from the North, Grecian settlers from the South, and Samnites and other Italic peoples all about. † ( Archive.Pompeii ) where Pompeii is located, â€Å" it was a Samnite metropolis for centuries before it passed under Roman regulation at the clip of Lucius Cornelius Sulla ( 1st cent. B.C. ) . â€Å" ( Free Encyclopedia ) â€Å" In 80 BCE Pompeii became integrated into Rome as a settlement ; Pompeii ‘s citizens received Roman citizenship and the metropolis ‘s establishments, architecture, and civilization were Romanized. At its tallness, Pompeii had a booming economic system based on trade and agribusiness, and the metropolis supported between 10,000 and 20,000 dwellers. † ( Archive.Pompeii ) â€Å" As Rome herself became more comfortable, her cit izens began to look up on Pompeii as a luxury resort and shortly luxury state places of the most powerful people in the universe began to embrace the shoreline. â€Å" ( Cornellia ) The worship of Gods and goddesses in this clip are varied, depending on where you were. Isis, an Egyptian goddess, was really extremely adored, as faith spread through Greco- Roman civilization, through the pickings over of states or city states and slaves taking their civilization with them. â€Å" The Temple of Isis in Pompeii was little but flowery. There were temples dedicated to Isis and her brother/husband Osiris throughout the Greco-Roman universe. These temples were the sites of luxuriant day-to-day and one-year rites and were administered by an educated priesthood skilled in music and medical specialty. Isis worship was particularly popular with adult females and with the new elite who gained wealth and prominence as the Roman Empire expanded. â€Å" ( AnceintVine ) And there are many other Gods they worshipped in Pompeii. Pompeii was a polytheistic state. â€Å" First there are the Oscan Gods, eg Flora, the spirit of Agriculture. The Grecian Gods Apollo, Dionysus, Zeus, Athena and Heracles are often depicted in wall pictures. The particular defender of the settlement of Pompeii was Venus. The older Roman Gods, A the Triad of Jupiter, Juno and Minerva had their outstanding topographic point at the Temple of the Capitoline, near the Forum. â€Å" ( Gods & A ; Goddesses ) Pompeii ‘s edifice technique was interesting. In Pompeii, they used lava to craft and make bricks and many other things. â€Å" The streets of Pompeii were filled with blocks of lava melted into rock. The people would utilize â€Å" crushed rock or ash † , whatever they could to construct walls for a house or bakeshop. ( Ancient Times ) â€Å" They would aline the bricks on the wall, in diagonal rows. † Using the colourss of the cement and seting them in assorted forms. ( Ancient Times ) The houses in Pompeii each had a alone flow to them. One thing that attributed to that was the floors, â€Å" made of coloured rocks that formed a image, called a mosaic. † ( Ancient Worlds ) Mosaics were really popular in Pompeii to adorn houses, â€Å" Mosaic ornamentation was widely used in the ornament of the houses. † ( Mosaics ) Another thing they used the lava bricks for is public baths. â€Å" The wonts and manners of life in Roman times have been revealed in great item at Pompeii by the program of the streets and pathwaies, the statue-decorated public edifices, and the simple stores and places of the craftsmans. The houses and Villas have yielded rare and beautiful illustrations of Roman art. Among the most celebrated are the houses of the Vetti, the Villa of the Mysteries, and, in the suburbs of Pompeii, the Villa of the Boscoreale. † ( Free Dictionary ) â€Å" On August 24, 79 a.d. Mount Vesuvius literally blew its top, spiting dozenss of liquefied ash, pumice and sulphuric gas stat mis into the ambiance. † ( EyeWitnesstoHistory ) â€Å" Some people of Pompeii grabbed their animals of load and attempted to fly the country ; others possibly take to wait until the streets were clear of the panicky multitudes ; still others sealed themselves up in suites † ( Archive Pompeii ) Pompeii, covered wholly in ash in a affair of seconds, was preserved for many old ages before being discovered, being a good preserved state. â€Å" Volcanic activity can be something every bit simple as a mild rumble or a whiff of fume, on up to a full blown eruption of magma or clay. It can besides slowly emit or explode rapidly. â€Å" ( Answers ) â€Å" Smoke, clay, fires and firing rocks spewed from the acme of the mountain, directing a rain of ash and stone through the encompassing countryside. The clay seeped down the sides of Vesuvius, get downing nearby farms, groves and Villas. Adding to the devastation were the miasmic bluess that accompanied the falling dust ; the exhausts foremost caused deliriousness in their victims, so suffocated them. † ( Archive Pompeii ) â€Å" Before the eruptions in 79, temblors occurred for some clip, but were disregarded by local dwellers because of their acquaintance with the phenomenon, † it was usual to experience shudders in that country. ( EruptionofVesuvius ) â€Å" The site of Pompeii is located in western Italy in a part called Campania. Campania is a fertile field, traversed by two major rivers and blessed with dirt rich in P and potassium hydroxide. † ( MNSU, Pompeii ) Since the eruption long ago, the civilisations on the fertile land fear the following eruption. â€Å" Campania ‘s first colonists, the first people to settle in this part were likely prehistoric huntsmans, gatherers and fishers. The part besides hosted some of Italy ‘s main olive Grovess, and the mountains nourished 1000s of sheep. † ( MNSU, Pompeii ) Pompeii, a good preserved civilisation, is now toured by many people ; they go to see the fantastic harvests, and the beautiful conserves. â€Å" Based on artefacts discovered by people who lived on the land, scholar humanists hypothesized that the ancient objects they found came from the celebrated La Citta. Excavations did non happen, nevertheless, until the 18th century, when Herculaneum was rediscovered by a provincial delving a well. Pompeii itself was found during an digging that began on March 23, 1748. † ( MNSU, Pompeii ) â€Å" Though Mt. Vesuvius had one time been a really active vent, it had remained hibernating for every bit long as worlds could retrieve. Since no bequest of devastation had been passed down from their ascendants, the people populating near the mountain did n't recognize there was any possible for danger. The first warning mark came on February 5th, A.D. 62. † ( MNSU, Pompeii ) The town besides â€Å" flooded, it was dismaying, though the temblor merely lasted a few minutes, but at that place was one after the other and nobody knew when there was traveling to be a temblor, † people did non cognize how to experience, hopeful or as if they were approximately to decease. On August 24, there were more shudders and the cragged vent erupted, â€Å" the unfortunate people who could non get away in clip to avoid catastrophe were killed by falling edifices, overcome by the miasmic gas, or merely buried by the quickly falling ash. Their organic structures were rapidly covered by the vent ‘s mineral sedimentations, which covered Pompeii in a bed more than 30 pess thick. † ( EyeWitnesstoHistory ) Pompeii was forgotten, due to being covered wholly, in with ash and â€Å" miasmic gas † because of the eruption of Mt. Vesuvius in 79 a.d. The ash preserved the full land. There were many things that lead up to the eruption, including a inundation. Pompeii was a really comfortable land, really rich, in money and harvests, the people at that place had a alone manner to â€Å" manner † their houses, utilizing tiles made of lava and besides colored rocks to do mosaics. Remarks: This study is short by 5 inches. There are several things that need to be addressed: Obviously, as a new pupil, I do n't cognize how much old research and study composing you have done. It appears that you have done a just sum of research for this study, based upon your commendations page and citations in your study. You use a really big figure of citations within the organic structure of your study which should be reduced. Your study needs to be in your ain authorship, sum uping what you have read, with the occasional citation to back up your authorship. If anything, it is the other manner around here. We need to work on this. Although you have good information, it is non good organized. As I had stated in my remarks in your rough bill of exchange, your composing demands to be better organized. Further, there are expressed countries where you neglected to do alterations based upon my remarks ( â€Å" aˆÂ ¦being a good preserved state. † Pg 4 ) Again, evidently you put a batch of work into this, and I do n't desire you to be disheartened. We merely have to work on your authorship manner so that what you have to state us makes the greatest impact. Citations Brion, Marcel, Michael Grant, John Ward-Perkins, and Amanda Claridge. â€Å" Pompeii. † Web. 01 Nov. 2010. & lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //www.mnsu.edu/emuseum/archaeology/sites/europe/pompeii.html & gt ; . â€Å" The Destruction of Pompeii, 79 AD. † Eyewitness to History – History through the Eyes of Those Who Lived It. Web. 01 Nov. 2010. & lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //www.eyewitnesstohistory.com/pompeii.htm & gt ; . â€Å" How Often Do Volcanoes Erupt | Ask Kids Answers. † AskKids Answers | AskKids.com. Web. 03 Nov. 2010. & lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //answers.askkids.com/Nature/how_often_do_volcanoes_erupt & gt ; . Institutions, City ‘s. â€Å" Pompeii Information. † CyArk. Web. 01 Nov. 2010. & lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //archive.cyark.org/pompeii-info & gt ; O'Neill, Amanda. Ancient times. London: Bramley, 1992. Print â€Å" Pompeii. † Peoples and Topographic points in the Ancient World. Web. 03 Nov. 2010. & lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //cornellia.fws1.com/pompei.htm & gt ; . â€Å" Pompeii Definition of Pompeii in the Free Online Encyclopedia. † Encyclopedia. Web. 02 Nov. 2010. & lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Pompeii & gt ; . â€Å" Pompeii Mosaics. † Pompei Online.net: La Citta ‘ Di Pompei, Gli Scavi Archeologici Ed Il Santuario. Web. 02 Nov. 2010. & lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //www.pompeionline.net/pompeii/mosaic.htm & gt ; . â€Å" Pompeii: Narratives From an Volcanic eruption. † Welcome to The Field Museum. Web. 03 Nov. 2010. & lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //www.fieldmuseum.org/pompeii/pompeii.asp & gt ; . â€Å" Temple of Isis. † AncientVine.Com. Web. 02 Nov. 2010. & lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //www.ancientvine.com/templeofisis.html & gt ; .

Juveniles should be tried as adults when committing major felony Research Paper

Juveniles should be tried as adults when committing major felony crimes - Research Paper Example Trying juvenile delinquents as adults for major felony offenses is a response to this distinct category of juvenile offenses. As a sound solution, trying juveniles as adults is a process with legal basis. Moreover, the juvenile justice system is not equipped to handle cases of juvenile felony crimes. In addition, protocols and standards of practice in place ensure the proper handling of juvenile delinquency cases transferred to the criminal justice system by considering the distinct psychosocial characteristics of juveniles. Keywords: waiver, transfer, major felony crimes, juvenile delinquency, juvenile court, criminal court, psychosocial characteristics Juveniles Should Be Tried As Adults When Committing Major Felony Crimes Debate over trying juveniles as adults for committing major felony crimes persists. Those who oppose the treatment of juvenile felony offenders as adults assert the differences in the psychosocial characteristics of juveniles and adults as a justification for tre ating juvenile offenders distinctly from adults as well as the harshness of imposing penalties on juveniles similar to those imposed on adults. Proponents of treating juvenile felony offenders as adults cite the need to firmly address the alarming statistics on serious crimes committed by juveniles and the graveness of the violence involved in these crimes through legal protocols and standards. Both sides offer valid arguments. However, there are valid reasons that justified the enactment of laws and development of policies allowing for the treatment of juvenile felony offenders as adults. Violent crimes committed by juveniles made way for the wider adoption of processes allowing juvenile felony offenders to be tried as adults (Griffin et al., 2011). Moreover, protocols are also in place to ensure that the criminal justice system properly handles the cases of juvenile felony offenders (Nunez et al., 2007). Standards of practice also continuously evolve with developments in laws and jurisprudence that govern the process of transferring delinquency cases to the criminal courts (Keller, 2012). With these in mind, juveniles should be tried as adults when committing major felony crimes within a system of legal protocols and governing standards. Supporting the treatment of juvenile felony offenders as adults is not akin to saying that the system is the absolute solution to juvenile delinquency. Despite developments in recent years, the process of trying juvenile felony offenders as adults remains imperfect. However, it is a developing system. Future developments in legislation, jurisprudence and best practices are likely to enhance the role of this system in addressing juvenile delinquency. Juveniles should not be Tried as Adults Opposition to the practice of trying juveniles as adults when they commit major felony crimes revolve around the assertion that juveniles are different from adults so juveniles should not be adjudicated in the criminal justice system meant for adults. In a study, the psychological maturity of juveniles who just reached 18 was compared with that of adults aged 25 in terms of their assumption of responsibility and foresight of the consequence of their actions. The results showed that those who just reached

Office art memo Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Office art memo - Essay Example I take this opportunity to recommend three pieces of art from Impressionism period that will surely embellish our corporate office and they are: Rouen Cathedral in Full Sunlight by Claude Monet; Gelà ©e Blanche – Hoarfrost by Camille Pissarro; and Water Lilies and Japanese Bridge by Claude Monet. These paintings portray realism and do not touch any mythology or fantasy topics. The impressionist paintings searched intensively about the effects of color and light in nature by applying the paint in brightly colored strokes (Moffat, 2007). The paintings from the post-impressionist periods that I would like to recommend are: The Yellow Christ, 1889 by Paul Gauguin; The Thinker by Auguste Rodin; The Chà ¢teau at Mà ©dan, 1880 by Paul Cà ©zanne. Emotions, symbolism and visual imagery are the characteristics of post-impressionist works. The first one in the bunch of impressionist paintings that I would choose is ‘Rouen Cathedral in Full Sunlight’, painted by Claude Monet in 1893. It needs to be placed in the visitor’s hall so that it can remind all concerned that our company is capable to withstand the test of times just like this cathedral. Gelà ©e Blanche - Hoarfrost is the second painting among impressionist group that I would recommend. It is a painting done by Camille Pissarro in the year 1873. The painting should be placed in the conference hall where major meetings of the company held throughout the year. The third and last painting selected from the impressionists’ period is the creation of Claude Monet named Water Lilies and Japanese Bridge, 1899. The painting needs to be exhibited at project office reminding construction is the way of life. The painting helps create an environment and informs that the company’s current status is largely attributed to systematized thinking process that the company always undertakes before launching any new project. The last painting from a post-impressionist artist that I would like to

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Waste Management (Firm Analysis) - Essay Example nvironment protection and regarded as an interface between the production, distribution and consumption of goods on the one hand, and soil, groundwater, air and climate on the other. Hence, it is an essential collaborator in the perspective of sustainable development. In the current scenario, industrialized nations are busy enhancing their regulatory frameworks and waste management infrastructure. As it is, the industry deals with extensively rising environmental and legal standards, best practices and the need for greater efficiency, quality management and occupational health aspects. Apparently, with the diversity and intricacy of products and accordingly of wastes, byproducts, and residues, there is no single solution to the waste treatment demands of today. A suitable combination of technologies is necessary in order to meet and respond to the many technical, ecological and economic requirements of integrated waste management on a regional level. As long as industry and consumers produce waste, an infrastructure is needed for their proper treatment and detoxification and for the secure and continuing disposal of residues (Hunt, 1990). The idea of producer’s responsibility was realized by swinging or reallocating the financial burden for the appropriate treatment or recycling of end-of-life products to manufacturers. This move established a new line of communication between the environmental sector and the manufacturing segments of society. In this scheme, waste managers convey information concerning designs for recycling and the design for disposal upstream to producers and manufacturers, thereby advocating the cause of the environment’s capacities and environmental constraints (Deyle, 1990). Today, the waste management industry is highly conscious and responsive of the significance of social aspects. These include, among others, the siting of facilities and introduction of novel collection schemes, educating consumers, training workers and staff,

Crark and Cocaine Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Crark and Cocaine - Essay Example The drug is commonly known as ; troop,cookies,candy,badrock,dice,hardball,devildrug,Frenchfries,tornado,sleet,rocks,paste,grit,raw,crumbs,hot cakes amongst other names in the streets. The major symptoms and signs that show that a person is actually consuming crack include intense feeling of craving for it, irritability, fatigue, agitation and strong feelings of anger (Abadinsky 19). There are two kinds of cocaine commonly referred to as hydrochloride salt and the freebase.The hydrochloride salt is a type of cocaine that is found in powder form that is dissolved in water and taken through methods such as the intravenously which passes the drug to the vein and the use of intranasal means that is passed through the nose of the users. The freebase is a type of compound that is not neutralized by any type of acid to make it a hydrochloride salt. The drug was first developed in 1970 during the cocaine boom and it continued to be experienced into the 1980s.The cultivation of cocoa leaves is believed to be the genesis of cocaine which was being grown in Peru, Columbia and Bolivia and as result it found its way into the American market. In the early 1908s, there was a lot of cocaine that was shipped and it later flooded into the United States Of America market. Much of these drugs went into Miami through Bahamas .Due to the large quantities of cocaine into the market, the drug traffickers and peddlers decided to convert the cocaine powder into crack so that it could be sold into smaller quantities. Thus, due to its cheapness, simplicity in production, readiness to use and the large economic profits that the peddlers got from crack, it became very popular in the market. The packaging of crack also attracted a very large number of users from the poor neighborhoods who could not afford to go out to the clubhouses or those who felt uncomfortable taking it in social places. People had the assumption that the drug was more pure as compared to other powders in the market thus attracting a very large number of users. For example, it is believed that on average, crack contains 55% purity on every $100 per gram of crack .As for the price, crack went for as low as $2.5 in the market for a single piece. People actually started freebasing the drug so that they could get a better feeling once they started smoking it.Freebasing involved smoking the rocks with either and a flame and this proved to be very fatal leading to the death of several users of cocaine. As a result of the many fatalities and the unsafe mode of sniffing the drug, the drug peddlers decided to come up with a more safe method of smoking cocaine known as crack (Brownstein 34). The crack business in the United States is mostly controlled by the Mexican criminal gangs whereby they have controlled the central, pacific, great lakes, southeast and the west central regions. The Dominican and Columbia groups tend to control the northeast and the Florida regions. How crack cocaine is made. Crack cocaine refers to a highly and addictive type of stimulant that is prepared using the cocaine powder. There are two forms of cocaine commonly are known as hydrochloride salt and freebase.The hydrochloride salt is a form of cocaine that is in powder form that is dissolved in water and later on taken through intravenously by the vein and intranasal through the nose.Freebase compound is not neutralized by

Formation of Business Idea Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4500 words

Formation of Business Idea - Assignment Example One of the strengths generally includes the effective utilization of cost leadership strategy, wherein the company would import products from either India or China due to which the company can tag a lesser price for its backpacks and luggage’s as compared to its customers. Most vitally, the competency level of Pack-a-Stack would be quite high, as it would recruit skilled and experienced employees that will certainly help the company in marketing and sell its broad assortment of product offerings. The initial start-up capital for Pack-a-Stack will be quite high, due to which the company might be exposed to various investments related risk. Likewise, another weakness for the company would be that the customers’ bargaining power would be quite high as the customers might opt for other brands. Pack-a-Stack can expand its market share by entering into a new business market. The company will also have a future scope of diversification by entering into the tourism industry through its brand recognition. Pack-a-Stack while entering the business market of the UK will face a huge threat relating to entry of its competitors. Likewise, change in the economic condition of the UK might result in a reduction of demand for backpacks and luggage’s, which would make quite difficult for the company to sustain in the UK business market. It is expected that the fund for the business will be collected from two sources namely bank loan and owners capital. In order to finance the launching activities such as the creation of infrastructure, purchase of stocks and assets and hire employees among others, a loan amount of  £76, 000 would be required. On the other hand, personal capital of about  £53, 000 will be used in order to spend for the purpose of marketing and other administrative aspects.

How does communication affect operations in chain hotels Research Paper

How does communication affect operations in chain hotels - Research Paper Example Examining the organizational structure, management plan, service context and the characteristics of chain hotels makes a difference in how many respond to the hotel management. Each of these combines with the need of having the correct level of communication. Examining how communication fits into each of these regions will be the main objective of this research study. The association with hotel management for chains is one which has developed into a variety of models and expectations within the industry. The industry of hospitality and the organizational development that is a part of each structure is one which is developed with the ideology of service first. Having hospitality management, customer service and alternatives to assist guests with personalized needs with booking hotels and staying in a specific room are the main associations that are a part of this. This is followed by enhancement of the organization that is a part of the management and the way in which the industry functions. The need to offer the right services has led to management groups, operation rooms and divisions in different forms of hospitality, including housekeeping and food and beverage alternatives. This is combined with the management required for the overall hotel divisions, including marketing, finances and human resources that are required for a hotel to work effe ctively (Rutherford, O’Fallon, 2006). The importance of the organizational structure to manage the services of a hotel has expanded with the current initiatives that are within hotels. The chain hotels require specific services not only based on the management and divisions. There are also models which are based on hotels keeping uniformity and offering a high standard of service to continue with operations. The specific component is with the environmental awareness that is within the hotels and how this links to the customer interpretations and the

Income Distribution Essay Example for Free

Income Distribution Essay The total wage of a private sector worker is of US$137, 9 dollars per month; as it is considered that in each family has other income, and the minimum income per family will be of 224 dollars per month. This wage allows family to buy 67% of the basic basket, it is to say a little more than half of all necessary articles, and a restriction of 33% in the consumption of basic articles exists. The dolarization did not mean a revaluation of the wage as the government raised, it rather constituted a cut of the income, since the prices of goods and services were internationalized, while the wages stay depressed, in relation to the life cost. The concentration of wealth and work in Ecuador is acute; 1. The 2 % belonging to the poorest receive 0,015% of the national entrance, and they gain 1270 times less than the wealthier 2% of the population. 2. The 20% belonging to the wealthier receive 58,7% of the national entrance. Poverty: The accumulation of wealth in the hands of the monopolistic groups has like counterpart the poverty and the extreme poverty for the majority of Ecuadorians. In Ecuador the poverty borders 80% of the population and from these, 20% are in extreme poverty. Poverty in Ecuador has a structural character and a massive incidence. It is structural because historically the economic conditions have been created, socially and politically to consign to a great number of the population of its participation in the production and wealth of the country. That is to say, in Ecuador the poverty is not a consequence of the lack of resources or natural wealth but to the form in which the Earth property and other resources have been, and in the relations of dependency with the central capitalist countries. From year 2002 the situation has been more difficult still, the inflation rate (91%), the percentage of the General Budget that the government destined for the payment of the external debt (51%) caused greater poverty. In 2003 the amount that the state will destine for the payment of the external debt, will be of 2. 200 million dollars. CONCLUSION The present essay has studied the historical evolution, present situation and perspective to medium term of the Ecuadorian external debt. We can make a synthesis of the most important aspects of the mentioned analysis, which will allow us to verify the validity of the question posed. The use of external resources with aims of current consumption, mainly on the part of the governmental sector, has been one of the main causes so that the productivity of the outer finance is limited. The loans produce little or no finance and it causes economic yield in the increase of current expenses, which has given rise to the countries finances consumption on the basis of the external saving, and the weight of the debt for the following years was loaded. On the other hand, the elevated rate of triggered internal inflation as of 1990, took place partly due to the funding of the originating resources of the outside by concept of external loans that, through the global budget of the state, entered circulating means. In addition, the high cost of the loans, by the majority including banking credits, in the last years has determined the rate of yield of the capital for the projects financed with external contribution, must be sufficiently high, so that it reaches a greater level than the cost of the external indebtedness. The increase of the imports, mainly as of 1990, has also been a factor affecting the trade balance; therefore it has been necessary to obtain free currencies to pay these external obligations. This growth of imports has been due to a great extent in dependency of the national manufacturing industry, of the capital assets and foreign raw materials. The country has been unable to obtain adequate levels of resource surplus, as a percentage of exports, given the prevailing conditions of export growth and was required to decrease the growth rate of its external debt over time. Even though credit from multilateral is the only source of financing available, it is clear that there is a lack of planning of investment projects. The United States eliminated government funds due to problems of political nature, principally due to the fact that the country has an income per capita of US $ 360 annual. The debt of the private sector has a determining incidence in the deterioration of the balance of payments, although it does not cause a financial load when one is originating currencies of exports, in order to cancel the service of this debt, in 1995 the service of the same one will represent approximately, 8. 5 % of exports of goods and services, whereas for 1998, that relation will raise 12%, level that we considered alarming if it is taken into account that this index, for service of the debt in the public sector, will be, of 20% in 1998. It is evident that the existing legislation in Ecuador, on the administration of the indebtedness, has been a very important factor in the decisions that have been adopted in matter of policy of external financing, although the cases have not been few in which the government has made decisions from economic order moving away of the effective legal procedures, reason why the control problem of the Ecuadorian outer debt is deduced, as a lack of exact fulfillment of the law. The policy of the external indebtedness, from the economic and legal point of view, has had faults as much in its application as in its fulfillment, cause of which the external resources entered the country to finance their way, they do not have an optimal use, specific and productive, and on the contrary they have meant at certain moment a serious limiting economic growth for the country. Therefore we can firmly say: that the external debt has had an impact In Ecuadors Economic development.

An Occurrence at Owl Creek Essay Example for Free

An Occurrence at Owl Creek Essay The wind made in the trees branches the music olian harps. Ambrose Bierce uses allusions and imagery to create a sense of wonderment and mysteriousness for first-time readers of his historical fiction story An Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge. Within this short story, a man named Peyton Farquhar is being hung from Owl Creek Bridge for trespassing into Union territory during the civil war. As he is dropped the rope breaks and he makes his escape after dropping into the river below. After swimming through gunfire and a vortex, traversing through an endless forest, and suffering thirst and weariness, Farquhar finally reaches his home. Just as he is greeted by his wife, Farquhars world ends as his neck breaks and his body is hanging from the bridge. The sudden conclusion reveals the past events, starting from the rope breaking, was all a hallucination. While the ending shocks many first-time readers, second-time readers may recognize numerous instances of foreshadowing implemented into the figurative language used to create emotion. In order to embed this foreshadowing, Bierce creates certain events in the hallucination that correspond with events outside of the hallucination. Furthermore, he adds conspicuous allusions to Greek mythology. Lastly, Bierce formulates a very unnatural and vague setting around Peyton Farquhar as he is hallucinating. Veteran readers will notice these three key components of foreshadowing. Suddenly he felt himself spinning like a top is an example of foreshadowing found in hallucination events. In the hallucination, Farquhar is spinning around in the vortex of water. In the actual events, he is spinning as he is dropping from the plank. Other examples of this style of foreshadowing exist in the story. e could no longer close them [his eyes] Conscious of the ending, veteran readers will view this quote as a sign that his neck is being constricted in real life due to the rope around his neck. Lastly, He could no longer feel the roadway beneath his feet. shows that Farquhar is in midair, and close to his death. Readers of An Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge may at first consider these texts as an emphasis on the weariness of the doo med man. However, these double as premonition for the sudden conclusion. Allusions to a largely known fundament of Greek mythology, Hades, is tilized to further foreshadow the closure of the story. The road was as wide and straight as a city street. No fields bordered it, no dwelling anywhere. this quote is a metaphorical reference comparing the scene in the Farquhars mind to the River Styx in Hades. The small instance of the word fields may refer to the Fields of Asphodel, also found in Hades of Greek myth. Not so much as the barking of a dog suggested human habitation. This quote from the story is an allusion to Cerberus, the three-headed dog of the Underworld. These particular citations all refer to Hades, which is broadly used as a symbol for death. Lastly, Bierce makes use of a strange and vague setting to give readers a feeling of mysteriousness and apprehension. This setting, found towards the concluding paragraphs of the story, also heralding Farquhars death. He distinctly heard whispers in an unknown tongue suggests paranormal entities envisioned around him. In this same setting, the black trees on both sides of the road formed a straight wall, creating a dark and morbid mood with the black trees and the formal configuration of the trees. This bleak setting foreshadows death and instigates a feeling of eeriness. Rereading An Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge with familiarity on the story can yield and uncover a myriad of clever and subtle foreshadowing the astounding denouement. Much of the foreshadowing is combined with plot elements, such as setting, suspenseful climax, and figurative language. Ambrose Bierce used the described techniques to contribute to the inconspicuous foreshadowing of the ending, and thus, recreated the meanings of his written words.